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Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2017;39(3):102-109
To assess the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D, altered arterial blood pressure, and serum levels of glucose and lipids in community-dwelling women in the city of Ribeirão Preto, in the southeast of Brazil.
Thiswas a cross-sectional studyof women aged40-70years old.Calciumintake and level of sun exposure were assessed by means of a questionnaire. A blood sample was used to determine glucose, lipid profile and 25-hydroxyvitaminD(25[OH]D) concentration.
Ninety-one women were enrolled (age = 54.2 ± 7.1 years). Themean serum 25(OH)D concentration was 25.7 ± 8.9 ng/mL. A total of 24 (26.4%) women had 25 (OH)D levels < 20 ng/mL. Seventy women (76.9%) had 25(OH)D levels < 30 ng/mL. Seventy-five women (90.4%) had inadequate calcium intake, and 61 women (67%) had appropriate sun exposure, 49 of whom (80.3%) had serum 25(OH)D levels < 30 ng/mL.
This study indicates that even in community-dwelling women, living in a city with high sun exposure, serum levels of 25(OH)D > 30 ng/ml are hardly reached. Thus, it is probable that other intrinsic factors besides sun exposure may regulate the levels of vitamin D.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2017;39(3):102-109
To assess the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D, altered arterial blood pressure, and serum levels of glucose and lipids in community-dwelling women in the city of Ribeirão Preto, in the southeast of Brazil.
Thiswas a cross-sectional studyof women aged40-70years old.Calciumintake and level of sun exposure were assessed by means of a questionnaire. A blood sample was used to determine glucose, lipid profile and 25-hydroxyvitaminD(25[OH]D) concentration.
Ninety-one women were enrolled (age = 54.2 ± 7.1 years). Themean serum 25(OH)D concentration was 25.7 ± 8.9 ng/mL. A total of 24 (26.4%) women had 25 (OH)D levels < 20 ng/mL. Seventy women (76.9%) had 25(OH)D levels < 30 ng/mL. Seventy-five women (90.4%) had inadequate calcium intake, and 61 women (67%) had appropriate sun exposure, 49 of whom (80.3%) had serum 25(OH)D levels < 30 ng/mL.
This study indicates that even in community-dwelling women, living in a city with high sun exposure, serum levels of 25(OH)D > 30 ng/ml are hardly reached. Thus, it is probable that other intrinsic factors besides sun exposure may regulate the levels of vitamin D.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(3):111-116
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000300002
PURPOSE: to evaluate whether the presence of insulin resistance (IR) alters cardiovascular risk factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (POS). METHODS: transversal study where 60 POS women with ages from 18 to 35 years old, with no hormone intake, were evaluated. IR was assessed through the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) and defined as QUICKI <0.33. The following variables have been compared between the groups with or without IR: anthropometric (weight, height, waist circumference, arterial blood pressure, cardiac frequency), laboratorial (homocysteine, interleucines-6, factor of tumoral-α necrosis, testosterone, fraction of free androgen, total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, C reactive protein, insulin, glucose), and ultrasonographical (distensibility and carotid intima-media thickness, dilation mediated by the brachial artery flux). RESULTS: Eighteen women (30%) presented IR and showed significant differences in the following anthropometric markers, as compared to the women without IR (POS with and without IR respectively): body mass index (35.56±5.69 kg/m² versus 23.90±4.88 kg/m², p<0.01), waist (108.17±11.53 versus 79.54±11.12 cm, p<0.01), systolic blood pressure (128.00±10.80 mmHg versus 114.07±8.97 mmHg, p<0.01), diastolic blood pressure (83.67±9.63 mmHg versus 77.07±7.59 mmHg, p=0.01). It has also been observed significant differences in the following laboratorial markers: triglycerides (120.00±56.53 mg/dL versus 77.79±53.46 mg/dL, p=0.01), HDL (43.06±6.30 mg/dL versus 40.45±10.82 mg/dL, p=0.01), reactive C protein (7.98±10.54 mg/L versus 2.61±3.21 mg/L, p<0.01), insulin (28.01±18.18 µU/mL versus 5.38±2.48 µU/mL, p<0.01), glucose (93.56±10.00 mg/dL versus 87.52±8.75 mg/dL, p=0.02). Additionally, two out of the three ultrasonographical markers of cardiovascular risk were also different between the groups: carotid distensibility (0.24±0.05 mmHg-1 versus 0.30±0.08 mmHg-1, p<0.01) and carotid intima-media thickness (0.52±0.08 mm versus 0.43±0.09, p<0.01). Besides, the metabolic syndrome ratio was higher in women with IR (nine cases=50% versus three cases=7.1%, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: POS and IR women present significant differences in several ultrasonographical, seric and anthropometric markers, which point out to higher cardiovascular risk, as compared to women without POS and IR. In face of that, the systematic IR evaluation in POS women may help to identify patients with cardiovascular risk.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(3):111-116
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000300002
PURPOSE: to evaluate whether the presence of insulin resistance (IR) alters cardiovascular risk factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (POS). METHODS: transversal study where 60 POS women with ages from 18 to 35 years old, with no hormone intake, were evaluated. IR was assessed through the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) and defined as QUICKI <0.33. The following variables have been compared between the groups with or without IR: anthropometric (weight, height, waist circumference, arterial blood pressure, cardiac frequency), laboratorial (homocysteine, interleucines-6, factor of tumoral-α necrosis, testosterone, fraction of free androgen, total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, C reactive protein, insulin, glucose), and ultrasonographical (distensibility and carotid intima-media thickness, dilation mediated by the brachial artery flux). RESULTS: Eighteen women (30%) presented IR and showed significant differences in the following anthropometric markers, as compared to the women without IR (POS with and without IR respectively): body mass index (35.56±5.69 kg/m² versus 23.90±4.88 kg/m², p<0.01), waist (108.17±11.53 versus 79.54±11.12 cm, p<0.01), systolic blood pressure (128.00±10.80 mmHg versus 114.07±8.97 mmHg, p<0.01), diastolic blood pressure (83.67±9.63 mmHg versus 77.07±7.59 mmHg, p=0.01). It has also been observed significant differences in the following laboratorial markers: triglycerides (120.00±56.53 mg/dL versus 77.79±53.46 mg/dL, p=0.01), HDL (43.06±6.30 mg/dL versus 40.45±10.82 mg/dL, p=0.01), reactive C protein (7.98±10.54 mg/L versus 2.61±3.21 mg/L, p<0.01), insulin (28.01±18.18 µU/mL versus 5.38±2.48 µU/mL, p<0.01), glucose (93.56±10.00 mg/dL versus 87.52±8.75 mg/dL, p=0.02). Additionally, two out of the three ultrasonographical markers of cardiovascular risk were also different between the groups: carotid distensibility (0.24±0.05 mmHg-1 versus 0.30±0.08 mmHg-1, p<0.01) and carotid intima-media thickness (0.52±0.08 mm versus 0.43±0.09, p<0.01). Besides, the metabolic syndrome ratio was higher in women with IR (nine cases=50% versus three cases=7.1%, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: POS and IR women present significant differences in several ultrasonographical, seric and anthropometric markers, which point out to higher cardiovascular risk, as compared to women without POS and IR. In face of that, the systematic IR evaluation in POS women may help to identify patients with cardiovascular risk.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2010;32(3):118-125
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032010000300004
PURPOSE: to compare the serum levels of five markers of oxidative stress and assisted reproduction (AR) outcomes among infertile patients, with tubal and/or male factor and with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: 70 patients were included, 58 with tubal and/or male factor infertility and 12 with PCOS, who underwent controlled ovarian stimulation to perform intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). A blood sample was collected between the third and fifth day of the menstrual cycle in the month prior to ovarian stimulation. We analyzed the levels of malondialdehyde, hydroperoxides, protein oxidation products, glutathione and vitamin E, by reading the absorbance with a spectrophotometer and by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data were analyzed statistically by the Student's t-test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: significant increases in the body mass index, ovarian volume and number of antral follicles were observed in PCOS patients, as well as the use of a lower total dose of follicle stimulating hormone for these patients. There were no differences in the response to ovarian stimulation, in the results of AR or serum levels of malondialdehyde, hydroperoxides, advanced oxidation protein products, glutathione and vitamin E between groups. CONCLUSIONS: the present data did not demonstrate a difference in the levels of serum markers of oxidative stress or in AR results when comparing non-obese infertile patients with PCOS and controls. These data suggest that the results of AR may not be compromised in this specific subgroup of patients with PCOS. However, interpretations of the action of oxidative stress on the results of AR are still not clear and the reproductive implications of oxidative stress need to be better evaluated.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2010;32(3):118-125
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032010000300004
PURPOSE: to compare the serum levels of five markers of oxidative stress and assisted reproduction (AR) outcomes among infertile patients, with tubal and/or male factor and with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: 70 patients were included, 58 with tubal and/or male factor infertility and 12 with PCOS, who underwent controlled ovarian stimulation to perform intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). A blood sample was collected between the third and fifth day of the menstrual cycle in the month prior to ovarian stimulation. We analyzed the levels of malondialdehyde, hydroperoxides, protein oxidation products, glutathione and vitamin E, by reading the absorbance with a spectrophotometer and by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data were analyzed statistically by the Student's t-test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: significant increases in the body mass index, ovarian volume and number of antral follicles were observed in PCOS patients, as well as the use of a lower total dose of follicle stimulating hormone for these patients. There were no differences in the response to ovarian stimulation, in the results of AR or serum levels of malondialdehyde, hydroperoxides, advanced oxidation protein products, glutathione and vitamin E between groups. CONCLUSIONS: the present data did not demonstrate a difference in the levels of serum markers of oxidative stress or in AR results when comparing non-obese infertile patients with PCOS and controls. These data suggest that the results of AR may not be compromised in this specific subgroup of patients with PCOS. However, interpretations of the action of oxidative stress on the results of AR are still not clear and the reproductive implications of oxidative stress need to be better evaluated.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2021;43(2):119-125
To investigate whether follicular fluid (FF) from infertile women with mild endometriosis (ME) alters in vitro bovine embryo development, and whether the antioxidants N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and/or L-carnitine (LC) could prevent such damages.
Follicular fluid was obtained from infertile women (11 with ME and 11 control). Bovine oocytes were matured in vitro divided in: No-FF, with 1% of FF from control women (CFF) or ME women (MEFF); with 1.5mM NAC (CFF + NAC, MEFF + NAC), with 0.6mg/mL LC (CFF + LC, MEFF + LC), or both antioxidants (CFF + NAC + LC, MEFF + NAC + LC). After in vitro fertilization, in vitro embryo culture was performed for 9 days.
A total of 883 presumptive zygotes were cultured in vitro. No differences were observed in cleavage rate (p = 0.5376) and blastocyst formation rate (p = 0.4249). However, the MEFF group (12.5%) had lower hatching rate than the No-FF (42.1%, p = 0.029) and CFF (42.9%, p = 0.036) groups. Addition of antioxidants in the group with CFF did not alter hatching rate (p ≥ 0.56), and in groups with MEFF, just NAC increased the hatching rate [(MEFF: 12.5% versus MEFF + NAC: 44.4% (p = 0.02); vs MEFF + LC: 18.8% (p = 0.79); versus MEFF + NAC + LC: 30.8% (p = 0.22)].
Therefore, FF from infertile women with ME added to medium of in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes impairs hatching rate, and NAC prevented these damages, suggesting involvement of oxidative stress in worst of oocyte and embryo quality of women with ME.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2021;43(2):119-125
To investigate whether follicular fluid (FF) from infertile women with mild endometriosis (ME) alters in vitro bovine embryo development, and whether the antioxidants N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and/or L-carnitine (LC) could prevent such damages.
Follicular fluid was obtained from infertile women (11 with ME and 11 control). Bovine oocytes were matured in vitro divided in: No-FF, with 1% of FF from control women (CFF) or ME women (MEFF); with 1.5mM NAC (CFF + NAC, MEFF + NAC), with 0.6mg/mL LC (CFF + LC, MEFF + LC), or both antioxidants (CFF + NAC + LC, MEFF + NAC + LC). After in vitro fertilization, in vitro embryo culture was performed for 9 days.
A total of 883 presumptive zygotes were cultured in vitro. No differences were observed in cleavage rate (p = 0.5376) and blastocyst formation rate (p = 0.4249). However, the MEFF group (12.5%) had lower hatching rate than the No-FF (42.1%, p = 0.029) and CFF (42.9%, p = 0.036) groups. Addition of antioxidants in the group with CFF did not alter hatching rate (p ≥ 0.56), and in groups with MEFF, just NAC increased the hatching rate [(MEFF: 12.5% versus MEFF + NAC: 44.4% (p = 0.02); vs MEFF + LC: 18.8% (p = 0.79); versus MEFF + NAC + LC: 30.8% (p = 0.22)].
Therefore, FF from infertile women with ME added to medium of in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes impairs hatching rate, and NAC prevented these damages, suggesting involvement of oxidative stress in worst of oocyte and embryo quality of women with ME.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2007;29(3):141-146
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032007000300005
PURPOSE: to evaluate the effect of obesity on beta-cell function in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: this cross-section study evaluated 82 patients with PCOS selected consecutively, at the moment of the diagnosis. We compared 31 PCOS obese women (BMI >30 kg/m²) to 51 age-matched PCOS nonobese patients (BMI <30 kg/m²). Using fasting glucose and insulin levels, homeostatic model assessment values for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR and QUICKI) and percent beta-cell function (HOMA-%beta-cell) were calculated. As secondary variables, the age at PCOS diagnosis, age of menarche, hormonal levels (testosterone, prolactin, FSH and LH), total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were also analyzed. RESULTS: menarche was significantly earlier in obese PCOS patients (11.7±1.8 years) than in nonobese patients (12.67±1.86 years) (p<0.05). Obese patients presented lower LH levels (7.9±5 mIU/mL) than did nonobese patients (10.6±6 mIU/mL) (p<0.05). Both groups presented mean HDL cholesterol levels below 50 mg/dL. Obese patients presented significantly higher baseline insulin levels (32.5±25.2 mIU/mL) and fasting blood glucose levels (115.9±40.7 mg/dL) than did nonobese patients (8.8±6.6 mIU/mL and 90.2±8.9 mg/dL, respectively) (p<0.01). Of the obese PCOS patients, 93% presented insulin resistance versus 25% of nonobese PCOS patients (p<0.01). Eighty-six perecent of the obese women had hyperfunction of beta-cell versus 41% of nonobese with PCOS (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: obese PCOS patients presented higher prevalence of insulin resistance and hyperfunction of beta-cell than did nonobese PCOS patients.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2007;29(3):141-146
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032007000300005
PURPOSE: to evaluate the effect of obesity on beta-cell function in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: this cross-section study evaluated 82 patients with PCOS selected consecutively, at the moment of the diagnosis. We compared 31 PCOS obese women (BMI >30 kg/m²) to 51 age-matched PCOS nonobese patients (BMI <30 kg/m²). Using fasting glucose and insulin levels, homeostatic model assessment values for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR and QUICKI) and percent beta-cell function (HOMA-%beta-cell) were calculated. As secondary variables, the age at PCOS diagnosis, age of menarche, hormonal levels (testosterone, prolactin, FSH and LH), total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were also analyzed. RESULTS: menarche was significantly earlier in obese PCOS patients (11.7±1.8 years) than in nonobese patients (12.67±1.86 years) (p<0.05). Obese patients presented lower LH levels (7.9±5 mIU/mL) than did nonobese patients (10.6±6 mIU/mL) (p<0.05). Both groups presented mean HDL cholesterol levels below 50 mg/dL. Obese patients presented significantly higher baseline insulin levels (32.5±25.2 mIU/mL) and fasting blood glucose levels (115.9±40.7 mg/dL) than did nonobese patients (8.8±6.6 mIU/mL and 90.2±8.9 mg/dL, respectively) (p<0.01). Of the obese PCOS patients, 93% presented insulin resistance versus 25% of nonobese PCOS patients (p<0.01). Eighty-six perecent of the obese women had hyperfunction of beta-cell versus 41% of nonobese with PCOS (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: obese PCOS patients presented higher prevalence of insulin resistance and hyperfunction of beta-cell than did nonobese PCOS patients.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2003;25(3):177-183
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000300006
PURPOSE: to evaluate three embryo scoring systems specific for 3-day embryos and to correlate them with positive in vitro fertilization outcome. METHOD: retrospective study of the In Vitro Fertilization Program of the University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. A total of 137 patients submitted to the transfer of 439 embryos were evaluated. The main outcomes measured were pregnancy and implantation rates. RESULTS: a significant difference in the three scoring systems was observed between pregnant (n=53) and non-pregnant (n=84) patients (p<0.0001). In the first embryo scoring system, in which cell number alone was used, higher pregnancy (70%) and implantation rates (42%) were observed when embryos with a mean blastomere number higher than 8 were transferred. Scoring system 2, based on a total four-point score (cleavage stage, blastomere number, fragmentation and symmetry), showed increased pregnancy (52.8%) and implantation rates (31%) for scores above 2. Scoring system 3, based on cell number and morphological criteria, also showed higher pregnancy and implantation rates with increasing average scores of the transferred embryos. CONCLUSION: the three scoring systems assessed in 3-day embryos were positively correlated with pregnancy and implantation rates.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2003;25(3):177-183
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000300006
PURPOSE: to evaluate three embryo scoring systems specific for 3-day embryos and to correlate them with positive in vitro fertilization outcome. METHOD: retrospective study of the In Vitro Fertilization Program of the University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. A total of 137 patients submitted to the transfer of 439 embryos were evaluated. The main outcomes measured were pregnancy and implantation rates. RESULTS: a significant difference in the three scoring systems was observed between pregnant (n=53) and non-pregnant (n=84) patients (p<0.0001). In the first embryo scoring system, in which cell number alone was used, higher pregnancy (70%) and implantation rates (42%) were observed when embryos with a mean blastomere number higher than 8 were transferred. Scoring system 2, based on a total four-point score (cleavage stage, blastomere number, fragmentation and symmetry), showed increased pregnancy (52.8%) and implantation rates (31%) for scores above 2. Scoring system 3, based on cell number and morphological criteria, also showed higher pregnancy and implantation rates with increasing average scores of the transferred embryos. CONCLUSION: the three scoring systems assessed in 3-day embryos were positively correlated with pregnancy and implantation rates.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2008;30(4):201-209
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032008000400008
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) occurs in 6 to 10% of women during the reproductive age. Insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia are currently two of the main factors involved in the etiopathogenesis of PCOS. The objective of the present review was to discuss the controversies related to the treatment of infertile women with PCOS and during their pregnancy, focusing on the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) current consensus.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2008;30(4):201-209
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032008000400008
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) occurs in 6 to 10% of women during the reproductive age. Insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia are currently two of the main factors involved in the etiopathogenesis of PCOS. The objective of the present review was to discuss the controversies related to the treatment of infertile women with PCOS and during their pregnancy, focusing on the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) current consensus.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2012;34(5):203-208
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032012000500003
PURPOSE: To evaluate the nuclear maturation stage and the presence of meiotic spindles of in vivo matured oocytes from infertile women undergoing stimulated cycles for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and compare intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes between oocytes in telophase I (TI) and metaphase II (MII), and the ones with and without visible meiotic spindle. METHODS: A prospective and controlled study with 106 infertile patients who underwent ovarian stimulation for intracytoplasmic sperm injection purposes. Patients aged 38 years or less, with basal follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) less than 10 mIU/mL and body mass index (BMI) less than 30 kg/m². Were included patients presenting any systemic diseases, any active infection, smokers or patients who had been using hormonal medications and hormonal and nonhormonal anti-inflammatory drugs for the past two months prior to the assisted reproduction procedure were excluded. The oocytes with the first polar body extruded (in vivo matured oocytes) were imaged by polarization microscopy immediately before intracytoplasmic sperm injection and characterized according to nuclear maturation stage (telophase I and metaphase II) and to the presence of a meiotic spindle. We analyzed the fertilization rates, cleavage, number of good quality embryos on the second day (D2) from oocytes on telophase I versus those in metaphase II, and metaphase II visible spindle versus non-visible ones. Data were analyzed comparatively by Fisher's exact test. The level of significance was set at 5% in all analyses (p<0.05). RESULTS: The meiotic spindles of 516 oocytes were imaged using polarization microscopy. From the 516 oocytes analyzed, seventeen were in telophase I (3.3%) and 499 (96.7%) in metaphase II. The oocytes injected in telophase I had significantly lower fertilization rates than those injected in metaphase II (53 and 78%, respectively) and produced no good quality embryos on day 2. When the oocytes with and without a visible meiotic spindle were compared, there was no significant difference in the intracytoplasmic sperm injection results. CONCLUSIONS: Oocytes injected in telophase I showed lower fertilization rates when compared to those in metaphase II. It is possible that the analysis of oocyte nuclear maturation by polarization microscopy can be used as a predictor of fertilization after intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2012;34(5):203-208
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032012000500003
PURPOSE: To evaluate the nuclear maturation stage and the presence of meiotic spindles of in vivo matured oocytes from infertile women undergoing stimulated cycles for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and compare intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes between oocytes in telophase I (TI) and metaphase II (MII), and the ones with and without visible meiotic spindle. METHODS: A prospective and controlled study with 106 infertile patients who underwent ovarian stimulation for intracytoplasmic sperm injection purposes. Patients aged 38 years or less, with basal follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) less than 10 mIU/mL and body mass index (BMI) less than 30 kg/m². Were included patients presenting any systemic diseases, any active infection, smokers or patients who had been using hormonal medications and hormonal and nonhormonal anti-inflammatory drugs for the past two months prior to the assisted reproduction procedure were excluded. The oocytes with the first polar body extruded (in vivo matured oocytes) were imaged by polarization microscopy immediately before intracytoplasmic sperm injection and characterized according to nuclear maturation stage (telophase I and metaphase II) and to the presence of a meiotic spindle. We analyzed the fertilization rates, cleavage, number of good quality embryos on the second day (D2) from oocytes on telophase I versus those in metaphase II, and metaphase II visible spindle versus non-visible ones. Data were analyzed comparatively by Fisher's exact test. The level of significance was set at 5% in all analyses (p<0.05). RESULTS: The meiotic spindles of 516 oocytes were imaged using polarization microscopy. From the 516 oocytes analyzed, seventeen were in telophase I (3.3%) and 499 (96.7%) in metaphase II. The oocytes injected in telophase I had significantly lower fertilization rates than those injected in metaphase II (53 and 78%, respectively) and produced no good quality embryos on day 2. When the oocytes with and without a visible meiotic spindle were compared, there was no significant difference in the intracytoplasmic sperm injection results. CONCLUSIONS: Oocytes injected in telophase I showed lower fertilization rates when compared to those in metaphase II. It is possible that the analysis of oocyte nuclear maturation by polarization microscopy can be used as a predictor of fertilization after intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
