Você pesquisou por y - Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(8):377-379
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(8):377-379
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(8):380-384
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000800002
PURPOSE: to determine weight variation in women with different Body Mass Index (BMI) in use of trimestral injections of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), and compare it to women users of a non-hormonal method. METHODS: retrospective study with the chart review of 226 DMPA users and 603 controls, users of DIU TCu380A. Women were distributed in categories, according to their initial BMI, as having normal weight (<25 kg/m²), overweight (25 to 29,9 kg/m²) and being obese (>30 kg/m²), and were followed-up for six years, with yearly measurements of weight and BMI. The statistic test ANOVA was used to measure the weight variation among the groups in each BMI category every year. RESULTS: the average age at the onset of the method employed was higher in the study group than in the controls, in all the BMI categories: 31.6±SD 7.1 X 27.4±SD 5.5 in the normal weight category (p<0.0001); 37.3±SD 6.8 X 29.2±SD 6.0 in the overweight category (p<0.0001); and 35.3±SD 6.4 X 29.7±SD 5.8 among obese women (p<0.0001). DMPA users showed weight increase as compared to the controls in the overweight category (p=0.0082); and the weight increase along the observation period was also higher among the DMPA users than among the controls, for the normal weight (p<0.0001) and overweight (p=0.0008) categories. In the obese group, there was no BMI variation between the groups, nor along the period during which they were using the method. CONCLUSIONS: there was no change in weight gain among DMPA users from the obese category. Prospective studies should be done with metabolic tests to establish the determining factors of weight gain in normal and overweight women.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(8):380-384
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000800002
PURPOSE: to determine weight variation in women with different Body Mass Index (BMI) in use of trimestral injections of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), and compare it to women users of a non-hormonal method. METHODS: retrospective study with the chart review of 226 DMPA users and 603 controls, users of DIU TCu380A. Women were distributed in categories, according to their initial BMI, as having normal weight (<25 kg/m²), overweight (25 to 29,9 kg/m²) and being obese (>30 kg/m²), and were followed-up for six years, with yearly measurements of weight and BMI. The statistic test ANOVA was used to measure the weight variation among the groups in each BMI category every year. RESULTS: the average age at the onset of the method employed was higher in the study group than in the controls, in all the BMI categories: 31.6±SD 7.1 X 27.4±SD 5.5 in the normal weight category (p<0.0001); 37.3±SD 6.8 X 29.2±SD 6.0 in the overweight category (p<0.0001); and 35.3±SD 6.4 X 29.7±SD 5.8 among obese women (p<0.0001). DMPA users showed weight increase as compared to the controls in the overweight category (p=0.0082); and the weight increase along the observation period was also higher among the DMPA users than among the controls, for the normal weight (p<0.0001) and overweight (p=0.0008) categories. In the obese group, there was no BMI variation between the groups, nor along the period during which they were using the method. CONCLUSIONS: there was no change in weight gain among DMPA users from the obese category. Prospective studies should be done with metabolic tests to establish the determining factors of weight gain in normal and overweight women.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(8):385-390
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000800003
PURPOSE: to evaluate the effect of hyperprolactinemia induced by metoclopramide on the endometrium and myometrium of female mice in the proestrus phase. METHODS: 24 female mice were randomly divided in two groups: CtrG/control and ExpG/treated with metoclopramide (6.7 mg/g daily). After 50 days, the animals were sacrificed in the proestrus phase, and the blood was collected to determine the levels of estradiol, progesterone and prolactin. The uterine horns were removed, fixed in 10% formaldehyde and processed before being included in paraffin. Slices of 4 µm were stained by hematoxylin and eosin (H/E). In the morphological analysis, a Carl Zeiss light microscope, with objectives varying from 4 to 400 X was used for each histological slice characterization. In the morphometrical analysis, the superficial epithelium, the lamina propria and the myometrium thickness were evaluated, with the help of an image analyzer (AxionVision - Carl Zeiss) attached to the light microscope (Carl Zeiss). The statistical analysis was done by ANOVA, followed by the Wilcoxon test. P-value was considered as significant, when <0.05. RESULTS: our findings have shown an increase in the seric levels of prolactin (295.6±38.0 ng/mL) and significant decrease in the progesterone levels (11.3±0.9 ng/mL) in the ExpG, as compared to the CtrG (45.5±5.2 ng/mL and 18.2±1.6 ng/mL, respectively; p<0.001). Concerning the seric level of estradiol, significant differences between the groups were not obtained (ExpG=119.1±12.3 pg/mL and CtrG=122.7±8.4 pg/mL; p=0.418). The morphological study has shown that the uterus from the ExpG presented the endometrium with more developed superficial epithelium and lamina propria, as compared to the CtrG, the same happening with the myometrium. The thickness morphometrical values of the luminal epithelium (8.0±1.1 µm) and endometrium (116.2±21.1x10² µm) from the CtrG were lower than the ones from the ExpG (10.2±0.8 µm and 163.2±23.3x10² µm, respectively) with p<0.05. Nevertheless, data obtained in the myometrium have not shown significant differences between the groups (CtrG=152.2±25.2x10² µm and ExpG=140.8±18.0x10² µm). CONCLUSIONS: data have shown that hyperprolactinemia induced by metoclopramide determines endometrial proliferation and interferes with the ovarian function, mainly in the progesterone production.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(8):385-390
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000800003
PURPOSE: to evaluate the effect of hyperprolactinemia induced by metoclopramide on the endometrium and myometrium of female mice in the proestrus phase. METHODS: 24 female mice were randomly divided in two groups: CtrG/control and ExpG/treated with metoclopramide (6.7 mg/g daily). After 50 days, the animals were sacrificed in the proestrus phase, and the blood was collected to determine the levels of estradiol, progesterone and prolactin. The uterine horns were removed, fixed in 10% formaldehyde and processed before being included in paraffin. Slices of 4 µm were stained by hematoxylin and eosin (H/E). In the morphological analysis, a Carl Zeiss light microscope, with objectives varying from 4 to 400 X was used for each histological slice characterization. In the morphometrical analysis, the superficial epithelium, the lamina propria and the myometrium thickness were evaluated, with the help of an image analyzer (AxionVision - Carl Zeiss) attached to the light microscope (Carl Zeiss). The statistical analysis was done by ANOVA, followed by the Wilcoxon test. P-value was considered as significant, when <0.05. RESULTS: our findings have shown an increase in the seric levels of prolactin (295.6±38.0 ng/mL) and significant decrease in the progesterone levels (11.3±0.9 ng/mL) in the ExpG, as compared to the CtrG (45.5±5.2 ng/mL and 18.2±1.6 ng/mL, respectively; p<0.001). Concerning the seric level of estradiol, significant differences between the groups were not obtained (ExpG=119.1±12.3 pg/mL and CtrG=122.7±8.4 pg/mL; p=0.418). The morphological study has shown that the uterus from the ExpG presented the endometrium with more developed superficial epithelium and lamina propria, as compared to the CtrG, the same happening with the myometrium. The thickness morphometrical values of the luminal epithelium (8.0±1.1 µm) and endometrium (116.2±21.1x10² µm) from the CtrG were lower than the ones from the ExpG (10.2±0.8 µm and 163.2±23.3x10² µm, respectively) with p<0.05. Nevertheless, data obtained in the myometrium have not shown significant differences between the groups (CtrG=152.2±25.2x10² µm and ExpG=140.8±18.0x10² µm). CONCLUSIONS: data have shown that hyperprolactinemia induced by metoclopramide determines endometrial proliferation and interferes with the ovarian function, mainly in the progesterone production.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(8):391-396
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000800004
PURPOSE: to study the changes in the urethrovesical junction (UVJ) and in the proximal urethra (PU) caused by the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz-Burch (MMK-B) combined surgery through perineal ultrasonography. METHODS: an interventional, longitudinal and prospective study has been conducted. Thirty-two women with stress urinary incontinence were submitted to perineal ultrasonography before and 30 days after surgery to evaluate the pubo-urethral distance (PUD), the proximal urethra length, the UVJ horizontal distance (UVJHD) and the UVJ vertical distance (UVJVD), the patient being at rest, and in effort during the Valsava manoeuvre. Results have been expressed in mean and standard deviation. The Student's t-test has been used to compare pre and postoperative results whenever the variables fulfilled the normality test criterion; otherwise, the Wilcoxon's paired test has been used. RESULTS: as compared with the preoperative measures, the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz-Burch surgery has reduced the PUD at rest (14 mm x 4.3 mm) and during effort (20.8 mm x 6.4 mm); has reduced the UVJHD at rest (14 mm x 4.3 mm) and during effort (20.8 mm x 6.4 mm); has increased the PU length at rest (16.7 mm x 19.7 mm) and during effort (1.6 mm x 15.4 mm); and has increased UVJVD during effort (-5.4 mm x 14.8 mm), but has not changed it at rest (16.2 mm x 18.7 mm, p = 0.085). CONCLUSIONS: the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz-Burch surgery has significantly reduced the urethrovesical junction vertical and horizontal mobility without raising the urethrovesical junction.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(8):391-396
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000800004
PURPOSE: to study the changes in the urethrovesical junction (UVJ) and in the proximal urethra (PU) caused by the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz-Burch (MMK-B) combined surgery through perineal ultrasonography. METHODS: an interventional, longitudinal and prospective study has been conducted. Thirty-two women with stress urinary incontinence were submitted to perineal ultrasonography before and 30 days after surgery to evaluate the pubo-urethral distance (PUD), the proximal urethra length, the UVJ horizontal distance (UVJHD) and the UVJ vertical distance (UVJVD), the patient being at rest, and in effort during the Valsava manoeuvre. Results have been expressed in mean and standard deviation. The Student's t-test has been used to compare pre and postoperative results whenever the variables fulfilled the normality test criterion; otherwise, the Wilcoxon's paired test has been used. RESULTS: as compared with the preoperative measures, the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz-Burch surgery has reduced the PUD at rest (14 mm x 4.3 mm) and during effort (20.8 mm x 6.4 mm); has reduced the UVJHD at rest (14 mm x 4.3 mm) and during effort (20.8 mm x 6.4 mm); has increased the PU length at rest (16.7 mm x 19.7 mm) and during effort (1.6 mm x 15.4 mm); and has increased UVJVD during effort (-5.4 mm x 14.8 mm), but has not changed it at rest (16.2 mm x 18.7 mm, p = 0.085). CONCLUSIONS: the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz-Burch surgery has significantly reduced the urethrovesical junction vertical and horizontal mobility without raising the urethrovesical junction.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(8):397-403
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000800005
PURPOSE: to indentify the prevalence and risk factors of maternal colonization by group B streptococcus (GBS) in pregnant women with premature labor (PL) and/or premature membrane rupture (PMR). METHODS: two anal and two vaginal swabs were collected from 203 pregnant women with diagnosis of PL or PMR assisted at the practice along one year. Pregnant women with imminent labor at admission were excluded. One swab of each source was placed in a transfer milieu and sent for culture in blood-agar plates; the two remaining swabs were incubated for 24 hours in Todd-Hewitt milieu for further sowing in blood-agar plates. Risk factors were analyzed by the chi-square test, Student's t-test (p-value set at 0.05 and 95% confidence interval) and logistic regression. The following variables were analyzed: age, race, parity and mother schooling; culture results by source and type of culture; admission diagnosis; gestational age at admission; asymptomatic bacteriuria; gestational age at delivery; type of delivery; neonatal GBS colonization rate and immediate neonatal condition. RESULTS: prevalence of maternal GBS colonization was 27.6% (56 cases). The colonization rates according to gestational complications were 30% for PMR, 25.2% for PL and 17.8% for PL + PMR. Univariate analysis has shown that the variables Caucasian race, low level of schooling and bacteriuria were associated with higher colonization rates. Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of urinary infection was the only variable associated with maternal colonization. The GBS detection rate was significantly higher with the use of a selective milieu and collection from both anal and vaginal sources. The neonatal colonization rate was 3.1%. Two cases of early sepsis by GBS occurred in the sample, with prevalence of 10.8 cases per one thousand live births and 50% mortality rate. CONCLUSION: the studied sample showed high maternal colonization rates by Streptococcus agalactiae. To increase GBS detection rate, it is necessary to use a selective culture milieu and to combine anal-rectal and vaginal cultures. There was a high incidence of early neonatal sepsis.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(8):397-403
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000800005
PURPOSE: to indentify the prevalence and risk factors of maternal colonization by group B streptococcus (GBS) in pregnant women with premature labor (PL) and/or premature membrane rupture (PMR). METHODS: two anal and two vaginal swabs were collected from 203 pregnant women with diagnosis of PL or PMR assisted at the practice along one year. Pregnant women with imminent labor at admission were excluded. One swab of each source was placed in a transfer milieu and sent for culture in blood-agar plates; the two remaining swabs were incubated for 24 hours in Todd-Hewitt milieu for further sowing in blood-agar plates. Risk factors were analyzed by the chi-square test, Student's t-test (p-value set at 0.05 and 95% confidence interval) and logistic regression. The following variables were analyzed: age, race, parity and mother schooling; culture results by source and type of culture; admission diagnosis; gestational age at admission; asymptomatic bacteriuria; gestational age at delivery; type of delivery; neonatal GBS colonization rate and immediate neonatal condition. RESULTS: prevalence of maternal GBS colonization was 27.6% (56 cases). The colonization rates according to gestational complications were 30% for PMR, 25.2% for PL and 17.8% for PL + PMR. Univariate analysis has shown that the variables Caucasian race, low level of schooling and bacteriuria were associated with higher colonization rates. Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of urinary infection was the only variable associated with maternal colonization. The GBS detection rate was significantly higher with the use of a selective milieu and collection from both anal and vaginal sources. The neonatal colonization rate was 3.1%. Two cases of early sepsis by GBS occurred in the sample, with prevalence of 10.8 cases per one thousand live births and 50% mortality rate. CONCLUSION: the studied sample showed high maternal colonization rates by Streptococcus agalactiae. To increase GBS detection rate, it is necessary to use a selective culture milieu and to combine anal-rectal and vaginal cultures. There was a high incidence of early neonatal sepsis.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(8):404-410
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000800006
PURPOSE: to identify factors associated with gestation in adolescence in a State of the northeast of Brazil. METHODS: a case-control study in the ratio of one 10 to 19-year-old adolescent (case) for two 20 to 35-year-old women (controls), with a total of 168 cases and 337 controls. The variables analyzed were: schooling, marital status, origin, family income per capita in Brazilian currency, paid job, mother's schooling, and presence of adolescent's father at home. Reproductive variables such as age at the first intercourse, mother's history of adolescence pregnancy, gynecological appointments before the pregnancy, knowledge, access and use of contraceptive methods were also included in the analysis. RESULTS: the following variables were associated with gestation in adolescence: schooling lower than eight years, lack of a regular mate, and maternal history of adolescence gestation. Also, the age at the first intercourse was significantly lower among the adolescents and that they had a lower rate of gynecological appointments. Knowledge of hormonal methods and access to contraceptive methods were also less frequent among the adolescents. After the multiple logistic regression analysis, risk factors for pregnancy at adolescence were: low schooling (OR=2.3; CI95%=1.3-3.8), age at the first intercourse lower than 15 years old (OR=3.6; CI95%=2.2-5.7), history of maternal pregnancy at adolescence (OR=2.6; CI95%=1.7-3.4). The history of previous gynecological appointments (OR=0.3; CI95%=0.2-0.4) and the use of hormonal methods (OR=0.6; CI95%=0.4-0.9) were protecting variables. CONCLUSIONS: the main factors associated with pregnancy in adolescence were: the adolescent's low schooling, maternal history of adolescence gestation, lack of previous gynecological appointments and lack of access to contraceptive methods.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(8):404-410
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000800006
PURPOSE: to identify factors associated with gestation in adolescence in a State of the northeast of Brazil. METHODS: a case-control study in the ratio of one 10 to 19-year-old adolescent (case) for two 20 to 35-year-old women (controls), with a total of 168 cases and 337 controls. The variables analyzed were: schooling, marital status, origin, family income per capita in Brazilian currency, paid job, mother's schooling, and presence of adolescent's father at home. Reproductive variables such as age at the first intercourse, mother's history of adolescence pregnancy, gynecological appointments before the pregnancy, knowledge, access and use of contraceptive methods were also included in the analysis. RESULTS: the following variables were associated with gestation in adolescence: schooling lower than eight years, lack of a regular mate, and maternal history of adolescence gestation. Also, the age at the first intercourse was significantly lower among the adolescents and that they had a lower rate of gynecological appointments. Knowledge of hormonal methods and access to contraceptive methods were also less frequent among the adolescents. After the multiple logistic regression analysis, risk factors for pregnancy at adolescence were: low schooling (OR=2.3; CI95%=1.3-3.8), age at the first intercourse lower than 15 years old (OR=3.6; CI95%=2.2-5.7), history of maternal pregnancy at adolescence (OR=2.6; CI95%=1.7-3.4). The history of previous gynecological appointments (OR=0.3; CI95%=0.2-0.4) and the use of hormonal methods (OR=0.6; CI95%=0.4-0.9) were protecting variables. CONCLUSIONS: the main factors associated with pregnancy in adolescence were: the adolescent's low schooling, maternal history of adolescence gestation, lack of previous gynecological appointments and lack of access to contraceptive methods.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(8):411-414
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000800007
Benign metastazing leiomyomatosis (BML) is a rare disease in which the lung is the most affected extra-uterine organ. The BML histology is compatible with benignity and similar to that found in the myometrial leiomyoma. A history of surgically treated uterine myomatosis is reported by most of the patients with metastatic disease. We report the cases of two patients with uterine metastazing leiomyomatosis. In the first case, a 55-year-old patient presented lung nodes over 20 years after being submitted to hysterectomy due to uterine leiomyoma. The histological and immunohistochemical studies from the lung node revealed that it was an implant of benign leiomyoma. The second patient, a 65-years-old woman, presented lung and retroperitoneal nodes 20 years after being submitted to a hysterectomy due to uterine leiomyoma.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(8):411-414
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000800007
Benign metastazing leiomyomatosis (BML) is a rare disease in which the lung is the most affected extra-uterine organ. The BML histology is compatible with benignity and similar to that found in the myometrial leiomyoma. A history of surgically treated uterine myomatosis is reported by most of the patients with metastatic disease. We report the cases of two patients with uterine metastazing leiomyomatosis. In the first case, a 55-year-old patient presented lung nodes over 20 years after being submitted to hysterectomy due to uterine leiomyoma. The histological and immunohistochemical studies from the lung node revealed that it was an implant of benign leiomyoma. The second patient, a 65-years-old woman, presented lung and retroperitoneal nodes 20 years after being submitted to a hysterectomy due to uterine leiomyoma.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(8):415-422
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000800008
The main purpose of using uterulytic in preterm delivery is to prolong gestation in order to allow the administration of glucocorticoid to the mother and/or to accomplish the mother's transference to a tertiary hospital center. Decisions on uterolytic use and choice require correct diagnosis of preterm delivery, as well as the knowledge of gestational age, maternal-fetal medical condition, and medicine's efficacy, side-effects and cost. All the uterolytics have side-effects, and some of them are potentially lethal. Studies suggest that beta-adrenergic receptor agonists, calcium blockers and cytokine receptor antagonists are effective to prolong gestation for at least 48 hours. Among these three agents, atosiban (a cytokine receptor antagonist) is safer, though it presents a high cost. Magnesium sulfate is not efficient to prolong gestation and presents significant side-effects. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors also present significant side-effects. Up till now, there is not enough evidence to recommend the use of nitric oxid donors to inhibit preterm delivery. There is no basis for the use of antibiotics to avoid prematurity in face of preterm labor.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(8):415-422
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000800008
The main purpose of using uterulytic in preterm delivery is to prolong gestation in order to allow the administration of glucocorticoid to the mother and/or to accomplish the mother's transference to a tertiary hospital center. Decisions on uterolytic use and choice require correct diagnosis of preterm delivery, as well as the knowledge of gestational age, maternal-fetal medical condition, and medicine's efficacy, side-effects and cost. All the uterolytics have side-effects, and some of them are potentially lethal. Studies suggest that beta-adrenergic receptor agonists, calcium blockers and cytokine receptor antagonists are effective to prolong gestation for at least 48 hours. Among these three agents, atosiban (a cytokine receptor antagonist) is safer, though it presents a high cost. Magnesium sulfate is not efficient to prolong gestation and presents significant side-effects. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors also present significant side-effects. Up till now, there is not enough evidence to recommend the use of nitric oxid donors to inhibit preterm delivery. There is no basis for the use of antibiotics to avoid prematurity in face of preterm labor.
