Trabalhos Originais Archives - Page 2 of 50 - Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2003;25(9):625-630
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000900002
PURPOSE: to evaluate the nutritional condition of pregnant adolescents using the pregestational body mass index (BMI) and the BMI at the end of pregnancy and to establish a possible association with the type of delivery and weight of the newborn child. METHODS: in a descriptive retrospective observational study 558 pregnant teenagers as well as their newborns were evaluated in the Obstetrics outpatient clinic of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil (UNIFESP-EPM), from January 1998 to December 2000. The sample consisted of pregnant girls who were between 10 and 19 years old at the time of the first prenatal examination, excluding the teenagers who had preexistent disease and those with incomplete data in their records. Thus, the sample consisted of 300 pregnant teenagers. Qualitative variables are presented as absolute and relative frequency and quantitative variables as mean, standard deviation and range. The correlation between maternal variables (pre-pregnancy BMI and final BMI) and parameters of the newborn (type of delivery and weight) was determined by the c² test and the differences were identified by partitioning of the c² values, with the level of significance set at p < 0.05 (a = 0.05). RESULTS: nutritional deviation was detected in 34.7% of the girls, at the beginning of pregnancy. Of these adolescents, 27.7% presented malnutrition, 4% were overweight and 3% were obese. By the end of the gestational period, BMI of 54.3% of them was normal, 1.3% correponded to malnutrition, 27% to overweight and 17.3% to obesity. The mother's nutritional condition (malnutrition, normal, overweight and obesity) did not affect the method of delivery, either vaginal (80.3%) or cesarean section (19.7%). The patients who reached end of pregnancy with BMI corresponding to malnutrition had 75% of neonates under 2.500 g. CONCLUSIONS: the mother's nutritional status was not related to the type of delivery. BMI corresponding to malnutrition at the end of pregnancy was significantly related to more cases of newborn babies under 2.500 g.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2003;25(9):625-630
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000900002
PURPOSE: to evaluate the nutritional condition of pregnant adolescents using the pregestational body mass index (BMI) and the BMI at the end of pregnancy and to establish a possible association with the type of delivery and weight of the newborn child. METHODS: in a descriptive retrospective observational study 558 pregnant teenagers as well as their newborns were evaluated in the Obstetrics outpatient clinic of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil (UNIFESP-EPM), from January 1998 to December 2000. The sample consisted of pregnant girls who were between 10 and 19 years old at the time of the first prenatal examination, excluding the teenagers who had preexistent disease and those with incomplete data in their records. Thus, the sample consisted of 300 pregnant teenagers. Qualitative variables are presented as absolute and relative frequency and quantitative variables as mean, standard deviation and range. The correlation between maternal variables (pre-pregnancy BMI and final BMI) and parameters of the newborn (type of delivery and weight) was determined by the c² test and the differences were identified by partitioning of the c² values, with the level of significance set at p < 0.05 (a = 0.05). RESULTS: nutritional deviation was detected in 34.7% of the girls, at the beginning of pregnancy. Of these adolescents, 27.7% presented malnutrition, 4% were overweight and 3% were obese. By the end of the gestational period, BMI of 54.3% of them was normal, 1.3% correponded to malnutrition, 27% to overweight and 17.3% to obesity. The mother's nutritional condition (malnutrition, normal, overweight and obesity) did not affect the method of delivery, either vaginal (80.3%) or cesarean section (19.7%). The patients who reached end of pregnancy with BMI corresponding to malnutrition had 75% of neonates under 2.500 g. CONCLUSIONS: the mother's nutritional status was not related to the type of delivery. BMI corresponding to malnutrition at the end of pregnancy was significantly related to more cases of newborn babies under 2.500 g.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2003;25(9):673-678
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000900009
PURPOSE: to evaluate the uterine volume in women between 10 and 40 years in order to observe if the uterine volume in adolescents is smaller than the uterine volume in women between 20 and 40 years. We intend to emphasize the differences between the uterine volume of adolescents and that of adult women and to correlate with the immaturity of the genital tract of adolescents regarding gestation and delivery. METHOD: a cross-sectional study, which included 828 patients between 10 and 40 years old divided into two groups and examined using abdominal ultrasound to obtain the uterine volume measure. The first group consisted of 477 (57.7%) adolescents, and the second group of 351 (42.3%) adult women between 20 and 40 years old. In the adolescent group, ultrasound examination was performed by a single observer and in the group of adult women ultrasound examination was performed by a group of observers who used the same methodology as that of group 1. Image Point HX (Hewlett Packard) and Hitachi 525 ultrasound equipment were used with a multiple frequency probe. For the calculation of the uterine volume we used the longitudinal diameter (LD), anteroposterior diameter (APD) and transverse diameter (TD) with the (LD x APD x TD) x 0.45 formula. RESULTS: adolescents aged 10 to 17 years had a smaller uterine volume than women aged 20 to 40 years (p<0.05). Adolescents who delivered twice had a uterine volume similar to that of the patients between 20 and 40 years old with respective mean values of 62.6 ± 20.6 and 69.0±22.9 (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: adolescents less than 18 years old or primiparous have a smaller uterine volume than women between 20 to 40 years old. However, adolescents aged 18 years or older, or secundipara, have a uterine volume similar to that of women aged 20 to 40 years.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2003;25(9):673-678
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000900009
PURPOSE: to evaluate the uterine volume in women between 10 and 40 years in order to observe if the uterine volume in adolescents is smaller than the uterine volume in women between 20 and 40 years. We intend to emphasize the differences between the uterine volume of adolescents and that of adult women and to correlate with the immaturity of the genital tract of adolescents regarding gestation and delivery. METHOD: a cross-sectional study, which included 828 patients between 10 and 40 years old divided into two groups and examined using abdominal ultrasound to obtain the uterine volume measure. The first group consisted of 477 (57.7%) adolescents, and the second group of 351 (42.3%) adult women between 20 and 40 years old. In the adolescent group, ultrasound examination was performed by a single observer and in the group of adult women ultrasound examination was performed by a group of observers who used the same methodology as that of group 1. Image Point HX (Hewlett Packard) and Hitachi 525 ultrasound equipment were used with a multiple frequency probe. For the calculation of the uterine volume we used the longitudinal diameter (LD), anteroposterior diameter (APD) and transverse diameter (TD) with the (LD x APD x TD) x 0.45 formula. RESULTS: adolescents aged 10 to 17 years had a smaller uterine volume than women aged 20 to 40 years (p<0.05). Adolescents who delivered twice had a uterine volume similar to that of the patients between 20 and 40 years old with respective mean values of 62.6 ± 20.6 and 69.0±22.9 (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: adolescents less than 18 years old or primiparous have a smaller uterine volume than women between 20 to 40 years old. However, adolescents aged 18 years or older, or secundipara, have a uterine volume similar to that of women aged 20 to 40 years.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2003;25(9):667-672
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000900008
PURPOSE: to compare the results of hysterosonography with those of hysteroscopy and the histopathologic study in postmenopausal women. METHODS: hysterosonography, hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy were performed in 59 women who had an endometrial echo over 4 mm, age above 40 years and amenorrhea over one year, and whose follicle-stimulating hormone levels were over 35 mIU/mL. Patients using hormones were excluded, as well those in whom it was impossible to perform histerosonography, histeroscopy or endometrial biopsy. The statistical analysis was performed using the nonparametric "G"-Cochran and McNemar tests. In addition, sensitivity and specificity, as well as positive and negative predictive values were determined. The value of 0.05 or 5% for rejection level of the null hypothesis was applied. RESULTS: the agreement rates of hysterosonographic results compared to hysteroscopy and histopatology were 94.8 ande 77.6%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of hysterosonographic evaluation of the abnormal endometrial cavity were 98 and 75%, respectively, when compared to hysteroscopy. In addittion, positive and negative predictive values of hysterosonography were 96 and 86%, respectively. When the histopathologic study was used as the gold standard, sensitivity and specificity were 98 and 33%, with positive predictive value of 76% and negative predictive value of 86%, for the detection of the endometrial cavitary changes. One great concern were the histopathologic results of two patients with uterine synechia who showed endometrial hyperplasia. Also, one patient was diagnosed as normal using histerosonography and the histopatological result showed simple hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS: our data suggest that hysterosonography presented good sensitivity as compared with hysteroscopy. However, uterine synechia is the great limitation of this method as compared with histopathology.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2003;25(9):667-672
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000900008
PURPOSE: to compare the results of hysterosonography with those of hysteroscopy and the histopathologic study in postmenopausal women. METHODS: hysterosonography, hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy were performed in 59 women who had an endometrial echo over 4 mm, age above 40 years and amenorrhea over one year, and whose follicle-stimulating hormone levels were over 35 mIU/mL. Patients using hormones were excluded, as well those in whom it was impossible to perform histerosonography, histeroscopy or endometrial biopsy. The statistical analysis was performed using the nonparametric "G"-Cochran and McNemar tests. In addition, sensitivity and specificity, as well as positive and negative predictive values were determined. The value of 0.05 or 5% for rejection level of the null hypothesis was applied. RESULTS: the agreement rates of hysterosonographic results compared to hysteroscopy and histopatology were 94.8 ande 77.6%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of hysterosonographic evaluation of the abnormal endometrial cavity were 98 and 75%, respectively, when compared to hysteroscopy. In addittion, positive and negative predictive values of hysterosonography were 96 and 86%, respectively. When the histopathologic study was used as the gold standard, sensitivity and specificity were 98 and 33%, with positive predictive value of 76% and negative predictive value of 86%, for the detection of the endometrial cavitary changes. One great concern were the histopathologic results of two patients with uterine synechia who showed endometrial hyperplasia. Also, one patient was diagnosed as normal using histerosonography and the histopatological result showed simple hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS: our data suggest that hysterosonography presented good sensitivity as compared with hysteroscopy. However, uterine synechia is the great limitation of this method as compared with histopathology.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2003;25(9):661-666
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000900007
PURPOSE: to present the most frequent gynecologic results in a cohort of 300 outpatient HIV-infected women. METHODS: this is a prospective and descriptive study of HIV-infected women that have been followed up at the gynecological clinic from November 1996 to December 2002. These patients were subjected to a specific protocol which included an interview, a gynecological evaluation and a collecting cervical sample for Pap smear, research of HPV (PCR) and colposcopy. Cervical biopsy was performed when necessary. Data were stored and analyzed by Epi-Info, version 6.0. RESULTS: the mean age was 34.5 years. The small number of sexual partners, average of three partners, and the predominance of heterosexual contagion should be mentioned: 271 (90.6%) patients were contaminated through sexual contact with their partners. There was a high prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) representing 21.7% of the total group. Of 109 patients subjected to PCR, 89 (81.7%) were found to have some HPV genotype. An inflammatory smear was present in 69% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: there is a high frequency of CIN and genital infectious diseases among HIV-infected women, mainly HPV.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2003;25(9):661-666
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000900007
PURPOSE: to present the most frequent gynecologic results in a cohort of 300 outpatient HIV-infected women. METHODS: this is a prospective and descriptive study of HIV-infected women that have been followed up at the gynecological clinic from November 1996 to December 2002. These patients were subjected to a specific protocol which included an interview, a gynecological evaluation and a collecting cervical sample for Pap smear, research of HPV (PCR) and colposcopy. Cervical biopsy was performed when necessary. Data were stored and analyzed by Epi-Info, version 6.0. RESULTS: the mean age was 34.5 years. The small number of sexual partners, average of three partners, and the predominance of heterosexual contagion should be mentioned: 271 (90.6%) patients were contaminated through sexual contact with their partners. There was a high prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) representing 21.7% of the total group. Of 109 patients subjected to PCR, 89 (81.7%) were found to have some HPV genotype. An inflammatory smear was present in 69% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: there is a high frequency of CIN and genital infectious diseases among HIV-infected women, mainly HPV.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2003;25(9):655-659
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000900006
PURPOSE: to assess the simultaneous approach of radioguided occult lesion localization and sentinel lymph node biopsy in women with breast cancer. METHOD: forty-five patients with nonpalpable breast cancer were enrolled in a prospective study. The employed radiocolloid was 99mTc-labelled dextran. The injection was performed peritumorally under sonographic or stereotactic guidance using a 18 gauge needle. Lymphoscintigraph images for the visualization of both the site of injection and sentinel lymph node were obtained in a conventional gamma-camera, with the ipsilateral arm positioned in a 90º angle. Excision biopsy of the tumor and sentinel lymph node were performed with a gamma-detecting probe. RESULTS: the procedure was always successful in permitting the localization of occult breast lesions. It was necessary to enlarge surgical margins in five cases. Concerning the sentinel lymph node we achieved localization in 93% of the cases. No complications were observed. CONCLUSION: the results seems to demonstrate that a combined radioguided occult lesion localization and sentinel lymph node biopsy using the same radiopharmaceutical represents a useful and practicable strategy in the management of early breast cancer.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2003;25(9):655-659
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000900006
PURPOSE: to assess the simultaneous approach of radioguided occult lesion localization and sentinel lymph node biopsy in women with breast cancer. METHOD: forty-five patients with nonpalpable breast cancer were enrolled in a prospective study. The employed radiocolloid was 99mTc-labelled dextran. The injection was performed peritumorally under sonographic or stereotactic guidance using a 18 gauge needle. Lymphoscintigraph images for the visualization of both the site of injection and sentinel lymph node were obtained in a conventional gamma-camera, with the ipsilateral arm positioned in a 90º angle. Excision biopsy of the tumor and sentinel lymph node were performed with a gamma-detecting probe. RESULTS: the procedure was always successful in permitting the localization of occult breast lesions. It was necessary to enlarge surgical margins in five cases. Concerning the sentinel lymph node we achieved localization in 93% of the cases. No complications were observed. CONCLUSION: the results seems to demonstrate that a combined radioguided occult lesion localization and sentinel lymph node biopsy using the same radiopharmaceutical represents a useful and practicable strategy in the management of early breast cancer.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2003;25(9):647-654
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000900005
PURPOSE: to study the effects of physiotherapeutic techniques applied by the Multidisciplinary Program of Preparation for the Childbirth and Maternity on musculoskeletal discomforts during pregnancy. METHODS: prospective cohort study, with 71 low-risk nulliparous women, distributed according to participation (study: n=38) or not (control; n=33). The Multidisciplinary Program of Preparation for Childbirh and Maternity had 10 meetings (18th to 38th week), with educational, physiotherapeutic, and interaction activities. Occurrence, characteristics, and evolution of musculoskeletal discomforts were compared by means of a specific questionnaire, both at the beginning and at the end of the program. The average of results of the initial assessment was compared through analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the F test. For the study between proportions in the beginning and at the end of the program the c² was used. The statistical significance was determined at 5% of limit (p<0.05). RESULTS: at the beginning of the program, 63.6% of the pregnant women of the control group and 84.2% of the study group reported musculoskeletal symptoms (p=0.05), characterized by back and posterior pelvic pain. In the control group, light intensity (18.2%) and serious intensity pain (18.4) were predominant, while in the study group, the serious was 36.8%, and the isolated or associated was 31.6%. At the end, the control group showed symptoms of serious intensity (60.6%), with daily frequency (42.4%) and length of more than 3 h (69.7%; p<0.05). The study group reported light intensity (57.9%) and bimonthly frequency (50.0%) with a maximum length of one hour (55.3%) (p<0.05). Symptom evolution was also differentiated and there were worsening in 63.6% of pregnant women of the control group and improvement in 65.8% of participants of the program (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: the physiotherapeutic techniques of the Multidisciplinary Program of Preparation for Childbirth and Maternity were related to a decrease in intensity, frequency and length and to a better evolution of musculoskeletal discomforts during pregnancy.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2003;25(9):647-654
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000900005
PURPOSE: to study the effects of physiotherapeutic techniques applied by the Multidisciplinary Program of Preparation for the Childbirth and Maternity on musculoskeletal discomforts during pregnancy. METHODS: prospective cohort study, with 71 low-risk nulliparous women, distributed according to participation (study: n=38) or not (control; n=33). The Multidisciplinary Program of Preparation for Childbirh and Maternity had 10 meetings (18th to 38th week), with educational, physiotherapeutic, and interaction activities. Occurrence, characteristics, and evolution of musculoskeletal discomforts were compared by means of a specific questionnaire, both at the beginning and at the end of the program. The average of results of the initial assessment was compared through analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the F test. For the study between proportions in the beginning and at the end of the program the c² was used. The statistical significance was determined at 5% of limit (p<0.05). RESULTS: at the beginning of the program, 63.6% of the pregnant women of the control group and 84.2% of the study group reported musculoskeletal symptoms (p=0.05), characterized by back and posterior pelvic pain. In the control group, light intensity (18.2%) and serious intensity pain (18.4) were predominant, while in the study group, the serious was 36.8%, and the isolated or associated was 31.6%. At the end, the control group showed symptoms of serious intensity (60.6%), with daily frequency (42.4%) and length of more than 3 h (69.7%; p<0.05). The study group reported light intensity (57.9%) and bimonthly frequency (50.0%) with a maximum length of one hour (55.3%) (p<0.05). Symptom evolution was also differentiated and there were worsening in 63.6% of pregnant women of the control group and improvement in 65.8% of participants of the program (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: the physiotherapeutic techniques of the Multidisciplinary Program of Preparation for Childbirth and Maternity were related to a decrease in intensity, frequency and length and to a better evolution of musculoskeletal discomforts during pregnancy.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2003;25(8):599-603
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000800009
PURPOSE: the aim was to study Rh-alloimmunized pregnant women and describe the gasometric abnormalities and the fetal acid-base changes before and after intrauterine transfusion. METHODS: between June 2001 and October 2001, before and after intrauterine transfusion in the alloimunized fetuses, gasometric data and acid-base parameters were prospectively studied in the umbilical vein blood. The measurements were performed in 8 samples of 5 fetuses. The fetal blood was obtained by cordocentesis before and after the intrauterine transfusion. The results were compared to the volemic expansion, the gestational age at procedure, the estimated fetal weight and the hemoglobin values (g/dL). RESULTS: all the cases showed pH value reduction, mean of 0.09 (SD=0.02). The fetal hemoglobin value showed a mean improvement of 8.4 g/dL (SD=2.9 g/dL). The pO2 and HCO3- concentrations showed negative variation (mean deltapO2 = -1.28 mmHg, mean deltaHCO3- = -2.25 mEq/L). pCO2 showed improvement (mean deltapCO2 = 3.2 mmHg) and reduced values of base excess occurred (mean = -3.75). CONCLUSION: the gasometric analysis allows to conclude that intrauterine transfusion is followed by pH reduction in the umbilical vein, with relative fetal acidemia after the procedure.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2003;25(8):599-603
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000800009
PURPOSE: the aim was to study Rh-alloimmunized pregnant women and describe the gasometric abnormalities and the fetal acid-base changes before and after intrauterine transfusion. METHODS: between June 2001 and October 2001, before and after intrauterine transfusion in the alloimunized fetuses, gasometric data and acid-base parameters were prospectively studied in the umbilical vein blood. The measurements were performed in 8 samples of 5 fetuses. The fetal blood was obtained by cordocentesis before and after the intrauterine transfusion. The results were compared to the volemic expansion, the gestational age at procedure, the estimated fetal weight and the hemoglobin values (g/dL). RESULTS: all the cases showed pH value reduction, mean of 0.09 (SD=0.02). The fetal hemoglobin value showed a mean improvement of 8.4 g/dL (SD=2.9 g/dL). The pO2 and HCO3- concentrations showed negative variation (mean deltapO2 = -1.28 mmHg, mean deltaHCO3- = -2.25 mEq/L). pCO2 showed improvement (mean deltapCO2 = 3.2 mmHg) and reduced values of base excess occurred (mean = -3.75). CONCLUSION: the gasometric analysis allows to conclude that intrauterine transfusion is followed by pH reduction in the umbilical vein, with relative fetal acidemia after the procedure.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2003;25(8):593-598
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000800008
PURPOSE: to investigate the effect of antiretroviral drugs on the lipid metabolism in HIV-infected pregnant women. METHODS: a prospective study was conducted on 57 pregnant women. The women were divided into three groups: ZDV group, consisting of 20 HIV-infected women taking ZDV; TT group, consisting of 25 HIV-1-infected women on triple antiretroviral treatment (ZDV + 3TC + NFV), and control group, consisting of 12 pregnant women considered to be normal from a clinical and laboratory viewpoint. Demographic and anthropometric data were homogeneous. Patients with a personal and family history of hyperlipidemia were excluded. Blood samples were obtained for the determination of fasting lipids (total cholesterol, LDL and HDL, and triglycerides) at four periods during pregnancy (1st = 14-20 weeks; 2nd = 21-26 weeks; 3rd = 27-32 weeks and 4th = 33-38 weeks). Data were analyzed statistically using the nonparametric chi², Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests . RESULTS: the use of antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy induced no difference in total or HDL cholesterol but caused an increase from 76.5 and 84 mg/dL to 96 and 105 mg/dL in the concentration of the LDL fraction along gestation in ZDV and TT groups, respectively (p<0.01). A positive significant association was observed between triglycerides and viral burden in the ZDV group (r: 0.534; p=0.015). CONCLUSION: Antiretroviral agents during pregnancy increase serum LDL-colesterol levels. The risk of pregnancy regarding potentiation of long-term antiretroviral effects on lipid metabolism, remains to be established.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2003;25(8):593-598
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000800008
PURPOSE: to investigate the effect of antiretroviral drugs on the lipid metabolism in HIV-infected pregnant women. METHODS: a prospective study was conducted on 57 pregnant women. The women were divided into three groups: ZDV group, consisting of 20 HIV-infected women taking ZDV; TT group, consisting of 25 HIV-1-infected women on triple antiretroviral treatment (ZDV + 3TC + NFV), and control group, consisting of 12 pregnant women considered to be normal from a clinical and laboratory viewpoint. Demographic and anthropometric data were homogeneous. Patients with a personal and family history of hyperlipidemia were excluded. Blood samples were obtained for the determination of fasting lipids (total cholesterol, LDL and HDL, and triglycerides) at four periods during pregnancy (1st = 14-20 weeks; 2nd = 21-26 weeks; 3rd = 27-32 weeks and 4th = 33-38 weeks). Data were analyzed statistically using the nonparametric chi², Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests . RESULTS: the use of antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy induced no difference in total or HDL cholesterol but caused an increase from 76.5 and 84 mg/dL to 96 and 105 mg/dL in the concentration of the LDL fraction along gestation in ZDV and TT groups, respectively (p<0.01). A positive significant association was observed between triglycerides and viral burden in the ZDV group (r: 0.534; p=0.015). CONCLUSION: Antiretroviral agents during pregnancy increase serum LDL-colesterol levels. The risk of pregnancy regarding potentiation of long-term antiretroviral effects on lipid metabolism, remains to be established.
