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Review Article02-09-2022
Risks and Benefits of Breastfeeding in COVID-19: Integrative Literature Review
- Ana Clara Alves de Carvalho
, - Gabriel Campos Carvalhaes Reis ,
- João Guilherme de Moura Oliveira ,
- Raquel Ferreira Borges
Abstract
Review ArticleRisks and Benefits of Breastfeeding in COVID-19: Integrative Literature Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(5):532-539
- Ana Clara Alves de Carvalho ,
- Gabriel Campos Carvalhaes Reis ,
- João Guilherme de Moura Oliveira ,
- Raquel Ferreira Borges
Views190Abstract
Objective
The present article seeks to consolidate existing knowledge on breastfeeding during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
Data source
Articles from 2020 and 2021 collected from the PubMed, CAPES, Virtual Health Library, Google Scholar, SciELO, and UpToDate databases were analyzed. Books and government documents published in the last decade (2010-2020) were also consulted.
Study Selection
Sixteen works were used in the present study. The date of publication and discussion of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through breastmilk were the inclusion criteria. Thus, articles containing repeated information or with no relevance to add to the production were excluded. Data collection comprised critical reading and synthesis of the main information obtained on the subject, which were performed for the preparation of the present study. The research took place in the period from March 27 to April 2, 2021.
Synthesis of the data
Breast milk has diverse benefits for both the nursing mother and the infant. The presence of viral RNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) in milk from disease-positive mothers has been detected in a few cases, and infant infections in these conditions suggest oral transmission of maternal or third-party origin. The virulence of the novel coronavirus in human milk is not confirmed, while significant amounts of exclusive antibodies are.
Conclusion
Lactation in the context of COVID-19 has shown greater benefits than risks of vertical transmission. Therefore, it should be encouraged when possible.
Key-words BreastfeedingCOVID-19immunologySARS-CoV-2 infectionvertical infectious disease transmissionSee moreViews190
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract
Review ArticleRisks and Benefits of Breastfeeding in COVID-19: Integrative Literature Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(5):532-539
- Ana Clara Alves de Carvalho ,
- Gabriel Campos Carvalhaes Reis ,
- João Guilherme de Moura Oliveira ,
- Raquel Ferreira Borges
Views190Abstract
Objective
The present article seeks to consolidate existing knowledge on breastfeeding during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
Data source
Articles from 2020 and 2021 collected from the PubMed, CAPES, Virtual Health Library, Google Scholar, SciELO, and UpToDate databases were analyzed. Books and government documents published in the last decade (2010-2020) were also consulted.
Study Selection
Sixteen works were used in the present study. The date of publication and discussion of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through breastmilk were the inclusion criteria. Thus, articles containing repeated information or with no relevance to add to the production were excluded. Data collection comprised critical reading and synthesis of the main information obtained on the subject, which were performed for the preparation of the present study. The research took place in the period from March 27 to April 2, 2021.
Synthesis of the data
Breast milk has diverse benefits for both the nursing mother and the infant. The presence of viral RNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) in milk from disease-positive mothers has been detected in a few cases, and infant infections in these conditions suggest oral transmission of maternal or third-party origin. The virulence of the novel coronavirus in human milk is not confirmed, while significant amounts of exclusive antibodies are.
Conclusion
Lactation in the context of COVID-19 has shown greater benefits than risks of vertical transmission. Therefore, it should be encouraged when possible.
Key-words BreastfeedingCOVID-19immunologySARS-CoV-2 infectionvertical infectious disease transmissionSee moreThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. - Ana Clara Alves de Carvalho
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Review Article02-09-2022
Prevalence of Preeclampsia in Brazil: An Integrative Review
- José Paulo de Siqueira Guida ,
- Beatriz Gadioli de Andrade ,
- Luis Gabriel Ferreira Pissinatti ,
- Bruna Fagundes Rodrigues ,
- Caio Augusto Hartman , [ ... ],
- Maria Laura Costa
Abstract
Review ArticlePrevalence of Preeclampsia in Brazil: An Integrative Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(7):686-691
- José Paulo de Siqueira Guida ,
- Beatriz Gadioli de Andrade ,
- Luis Gabriel Ferreira Pissinatti ,
- Bruna Fagundes Rodrigues ,
- Caio Augusto Hartman ,
- Maria Laura Costa
Views312See moreAbstract
Objective
To review literature and estimate the occurrence of preeclampsia and its complications in Brazil.
Methods
We performed an integrative review of the literature, and included observational studies published until August 2021 on the SciELO and PubMed databases that evaluated preeclampsia among pregnant women in Brazil. Other variables of interests were maternal death, neonatal death, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome, and eclampsia. Three independent reviewers evaluated all retrieved studies and selected those that met inclusion criteria. A metanalysis of the prevalence of preeclampsia and eclampsia was also performed, to estimate a pooled frequency of those conditions among the studies included.
Results
We retrieved 304 studies after the initial search; of those, 10 were included in the final analysis, with a total of 52,986 women considered. The pooled prevalence of preeclampsia was of 6.7%, with a total of 2,988 cases reported. The frequency of eclampsia ranged from 1.7% to 6.2%, while the occurrence of HELLP syndrome was underreported. Prematurity associated to hypertensive disorders ranged from 0.5% to 1.72%.
Conclusion
The frequency of preeclampsia was similar to that reported in other international studies, and it is increasing in Brazil, probably due to the adoption of new diagnostic criteria. The development of a national surveillance network would be essential to understand the problem of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in Brazil.
Views312This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract
Review ArticlePrevalence of Preeclampsia in Brazil: An Integrative Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(7):686-691
- José Paulo de Siqueira Guida ,
- Beatriz Gadioli de Andrade ,
- Luis Gabriel Ferreira Pissinatti ,
- Bruna Fagundes Rodrigues ,
- Caio Augusto Hartman ,
- Maria Laura Costa
Views312See moreAbstract
Objective
To review literature and estimate the occurrence of preeclampsia and its complications in Brazil.
Methods
We performed an integrative review of the literature, and included observational studies published until August 2021 on the SciELO and PubMed databases that evaluated preeclampsia among pregnant women in Brazil. Other variables of interests were maternal death, neonatal death, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome, and eclampsia. Three independent reviewers evaluated all retrieved studies and selected those that met inclusion criteria. A metanalysis of the prevalence of preeclampsia and eclampsia was also performed, to estimate a pooled frequency of those conditions among the studies included.
Results
We retrieved 304 studies after the initial search; of those, 10 were included in the final analysis, with a total of 52,986 women considered. The pooled prevalence of preeclampsia was of 6.7%, with a total of 2,988 cases reported. The frequency of eclampsia ranged from 1.7% to 6.2%, while the occurrence of HELLP syndrome was underreported. Prematurity associated to hypertensive disorders ranged from 0.5% to 1.72%.
Conclusion
The frequency of preeclampsia was similar to that reported in other international studies, and it is increasing in Brazil, probably due to the adoption of new diagnostic criteria. The development of a national surveillance network would be essential to understand the problem of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in Brazil.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. - José Paulo de Siqueira Guida
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Review Article02-09-2022
Main Complications during Pregnancy and Recommendations for Adequate Antenatal Care in Sickle Cell Disease: A Literature Review
- Camilla Olivares Figueira ,
- Fernanda Garanhani Surita ,
- Kleber Fertrin ,
- Guilherme de Moraes Nobrega ,
- Maria Laura Costa
Abstract
Review ArticleMain Complications during Pregnancy and Recommendations for Adequate Antenatal Care in Sickle Cell Disease: A Literature Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(6):593-601
- Camilla Olivares Figueira ,
- Fernanda Garanhani Surita ,
- Kleber Fertrin ,
- Guilherme de Moraes Nobrega ,
- Maria Laura Costa
Views275See moreAbstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common monogenic disease worldwide, with a variable prevalence in each continent. A single nucleotide substitution leads to an amino-acid change in the β-globin chain, altering the normal structure of hemoglobin, which is then called hemoglobin S inherited in homozygosity (HbSS) or double heterozygosity (HbSC, HbSβ), and leads to chronic hemolysis, vaso-occlusion, inflammation, and endothelium activation. Pregnant women with SCD are at a higher risk of developing maternal and perinatal complications. We performed a narrative review of the literature considering SCD and pregnancy, the main clinical and obstetrical complications, the specific antenatal care, and the follow-up for maternal and fetal surveillance. Pregnant women with SCD are at a higher risk of developing clinical and obstetric complications such as pain episodes, pulmonary complications, infections, thromboembolic events, preeclampsia, and maternal death. Their newborns are also at an increased risk of developing neonatal complications: fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, stillbirth. Severe complications can occur in patients of any genotype. We concluded that SCD is a high-risk condition that increases maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. A multidisciplinary approach during pregnancy and the postpartum period is key to adequately diagnose and treat complications.
Views275This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract
Review ArticleMain Complications during Pregnancy and Recommendations for Adequate Antenatal Care in Sickle Cell Disease: A Literature Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(6):593-601
- Camilla Olivares Figueira ,
- Fernanda Garanhani Surita ,
- Kleber Fertrin ,
- Guilherme de Moraes Nobrega ,
- Maria Laura Costa
Views275See moreAbstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common monogenic disease worldwide, with a variable prevalence in each continent. A single nucleotide substitution leads to an amino-acid change in the β-globin chain, altering the normal structure of hemoglobin, which is then called hemoglobin S inherited in homozygosity (HbSS) or double heterozygosity (HbSC, HbSβ), and leads to chronic hemolysis, vaso-occlusion, inflammation, and endothelium activation. Pregnant women with SCD are at a higher risk of developing maternal and perinatal complications. We performed a narrative review of the literature considering SCD and pregnancy, the main clinical and obstetrical complications, the specific antenatal care, and the follow-up for maternal and fetal surveillance. Pregnant women with SCD are at a higher risk of developing clinical and obstetric complications such as pain episodes, pulmonary complications, infections, thromboembolic events, preeclampsia, and maternal death. Their newborns are also at an increased risk of developing neonatal complications: fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, stillbirth. Severe complications can occur in patients of any genotype. We concluded that SCD is a high-risk condition that increases maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. A multidisciplinary approach during pregnancy and the postpartum period is key to adequately diagnose and treat complications.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. - Camilla Olivares Figueira
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Review Article02-02-2022
Use of Corticosteroids in Prenatal Treatment of Congenital Pulmonary Adenomatoid Malformation: Integrative Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(3):304-310
Abstract
Review ArticleUse of Corticosteroids in Prenatal Treatment of Congenital Pulmonary Adenomatoid Malformation: Integrative Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(3):304-310
Views135Abstract
Objective
To review data on the use of corticosteroids for the treatment of fetuses with high-risk congenital pulmonary adenomatoid malformation (CPAM).
Methods
Integrative review based on the literature available onMEDLINE and LILACS, including articles published until November, 2020.
Results
The initial search resulted in 87 articles, 4 of which were selected for analysis, with all of them being retrospective descriptive observational studies. In the group of fetuses that received only a single corticosteroid cycle, the hydrops resolution rate was 70%, and the survival rate was 83.8%. In fetuses treated with 2 or more cycles of corticosteroids, there was an improvement in the condition of hydrops or edema in a single body compartment in 47%, and survival of 81.8% of the fetuses.
Conclusion
The use of corticosteroids for the prenatal treatment of high-risk CPAM appears to be associated with an improvement in perinatal outcomes.
Key-words Betamethasonecongenital pulmonary adenomatoid malformationcorticosteroidFetal treatmenthydropsSee moreViews135This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract
Review ArticleUse of Corticosteroids in Prenatal Treatment of Congenital Pulmonary Adenomatoid Malformation: Integrative Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(3):304-310
Views135Abstract
Objective
To review data on the use of corticosteroids for the treatment of fetuses with high-risk congenital pulmonary adenomatoid malformation (CPAM).
Methods
Integrative review based on the literature available onMEDLINE and LILACS, including articles published until November, 2020.
Results
The initial search resulted in 87 articles, 4 of which were selected for analysis, with all of them being retrospective descriptive observational studies. In the group of fetuses that received only a single corticosteroid cycle, the hydrops resolution rate was 70%, and the survival rate was 83.8%. In fetuses treated with 2 or more cycles of corticosteroids, there was an improvement in the condition of hydrops or edema in a single body compartment in 47%, and survival of 81.8% of the fetuses.
Conclusion
The use of corticosteroids for the prenatal treatment of high-risk CPAM appears to be associated with an improvement in perinatal outcomes.
Key-words Betamethasonecongenital pulmonary adenomatoid malformationcorticosteroidFetal treatmenthydropsSee moreThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
Review Article01-31-2022
Health of the Newborn and Breastfeeding during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review
- Carmen Amelia Salvador-Pinos ,
- Edson Zangiacomi Martinez ,
- Susana Eulalia Dueñas-Matute ,
- Rosa Romero de Aguinaga ,
- Juan Carlos Jácome , [ ... ],
- Valheria Cárdenas-Morales
Abstract
Review ArticleHealth of the Newborn and Breastfeeding during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(3):311-318
- Carmen Amelia Salvador-Pinos ,
- Edson Zangiacomi Martinez ,
- Susana Eulalia Dueñas-Matute ,
- Rosa Romero de Aguinaga ,
- Juan Carlos Jácome ,
- Stephanie Michelena-Tupiza ,
- Valheria Cárdenas-Morales
Views240See moreAbstract
Objective
The present article presents a literature review concerning the microbiota of breast milk and the influence of epigenetics in the susceptibility to COVID-19.
Methods
A literature review.
Results
Breastfeeding transfers microbiota, nutrients, diverse white blood cells, prebiotics, hormones, and antibodies to the baby, which provide short- and longterm immunological protection against several infectious, gastrointestinal, and respiratory illnesses. The little evidence available shows that breast milk very rarely carries the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and even in those cases, it has been discarded as the source of contagion.
Conclusion
The reviewed studies show evidence of a beneficial effect of breastfeeding and highlights its importance on the current pandemic due to the immune reinforcement that it provides. Breastfed individuals showed better clinical response due to the influence on the microbiota and to the nutritional and immune contribution provided by breast milk, compared with those who were not breastfed.
Views240This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract
Review ArticleHealth of the Newborn and Breastfeeding during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(3):311-318
- Carmen Amelia Salvador-Pinos ,
- Edson Zangiacomi Martinez ,
- Susana Eulalia Dueñas-Matute ,
- Rosa Romero de Aguinaga ,
- Juan Carlos Jácome ,
- Stephanie Michelena-Tupiza ,
- Valheria Cárdenas-Morales
Views240See moreAbstract
Objective
The present article presents a literature review concerning the microbiota of breast milk and the influence of epigenetics in the susceptibility to COVID-19.
Methods
A literature review.
Results
Breastfeeding transfers microbiota, nutrients, diverse white blood cells, prebiotics, hormones, and antibodies to the baby, which provide short- and longterm immunological protection against several infectious, gastrointestinal, and respiratory illnesses. The little evidence available shows that breast milk very rarely carries the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and even in those cases, it has been discarded as the source of contagion.
Conclusion
The reviewed studies show evidence of a beneficial effect of breastfeeding and highlights its importance on the current pandemic due to the immune reinforcement that it provides. Breastfed individuals showed better clinical response due to the influence on the microbiota and to the nutritional and immune contribution provided by breast milk, compared with those who were not breastfed.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. - Carmen Amelia Salvador-Pinos
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Review Article01-24-2021
Analysis of the Role of Female Hormones During Infection by COVID-19
- David Balbino Pascoal ,
- Isabela Macêdo de Araujo ,
- Lorenna Peixoto Lopes ,
- Cristiane Monteiro da Cruz
Abstract
Review ArticleAnalysis of the Role of Female Hormones During Infection by COVID-19
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2021;43(12):940-948
- David Balbino Pascoal ,
- Isabela Macêdo de Araujo ,
- Lorenna Peixoto Lopes ,
- Cristiane Monteiro da Cruz
Views129See moreAbstract
Women have metabolic, immunological, and genetic variables that ensure more protection from coronavirus infection. However, the indication of treatment for several pathologies and contraception is determined by hormones that have adverse effects and raise doubts about their use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the present study searches women specificities and the relation between female sexual hormones and COVID-19, and reports the main recommendations in this background. To this end, a review of the literature was conducted in the main databases, auxiliary data sources, and official websites. Therefore, considering the hypercoagulability status of COVID-19, the debate about the use of contraceptives due to the relative risk of thromboembolic effects that they impose arises. However, the current available evidence, as well as the recommendations of main health organs around the world, demonstrate that the use of hormonal contraceptives must be maintained during the pandemic.
Views129This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract
Review ArticleAnalysis of the Role of Female Hormones During Infection by COVID-19
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2021;43(12):940-948
- David Balbino Pascoal ,
- Isabela Macêdo de Araujo ,
- Lorenna Peixoto Lopes ,
- Cristiane Monteiro da Cruz
Views129See moreAbstract
Women have metabolic, immunological, and genetic variables that ensure more protection from coronavirus infection. However, the indication of treatment for several pathologies and contraception is determined by hormones that have adverse effects and raise doubts about their use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the present study searches women specificities and the relation between female sexual hormones and COVID-19, and reports the main recommendations in this background. To this end, a review of the literature was conducted in the main databases, auxiliary data sources, and official websites. Therefore, considering the hypercoagulability status of COVID-19, the debate about the use of contraceptives due to the relative risk of thromboembolic effects that they impose arises. However, the current available evidence, as well as the recommendations of main health organs around the world, demonstrate that the use of hormonal contraceptives must be maintained during the pandemic.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 
- David Balbino Pascoal
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Review Article01-24-2021
Clinical and Obstetric Aspects of Pregnant Women with COVID-19: A Systematic Review
- Sarah Nilkece Mesquita Araújo Nogueira Bastos ,
- Bárbara Louise Freire Barbosa ,
- Larisse Giselle Barbosa Cruz ,
- Rayza Pereira de Souza ,
- Simone Santos e Silva Melo , [ ... ],
- Caroline Camargo Bandeira da Silveira Luz
Abstract
Review ArticleClinical and Obstetric Aspects of Pregnant Women with COVID-19: A Systematic Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2021;43(12):949-960
- Sarah Nilkece Mesquita Araújo Nogueira Bastos ,
- Bárbara Louise Freire Barbosa ,
- Larisse Giselle Barbosa Cruz ,
- Rayza Pereira de Souza ,
- Simone Santos e Silva Melo ,
- Caroline Camargo Bandeira da Silveira Luz
Views205See moreAbstract
Objective
To analyze the clinical and obstetric aspects of pregnant women with COVID-19.
Methods
A systematic literature review in the MEDLINE/PubMed, LILACS, SCIELO, and CNKI databases was performed from March to May 2020, with the descriptors: Pregnancy; 2019-nCov; Coronavirus; SARS-Cov-2, Covid-19. Of those chosen were original titles, without language and period restriction and that addressed pregnant women with a clinical and/or laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19. Revisions, editorials, and duplicate titles were excluded. The Newcastle-Ottawa (NOS) and Murad et al. scales were used to assess the quality of the studies.
Results
We included 34 articles with 412 pregnant women infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-Cov-2), with an average age of 27.5 years of age and 36.0 gestational weeks. The most common symptom was fever (205 [49.7%]), and 89 (21.6%) pregnant women progressed to severe viral pneumonia. Laboratory tests showed an increase in C-reactive protein (154 [37.8%]), and radiological tests showed pneumonia with peripheral ground-glass pattern (172 [51.4%]). Emergency cesarean delivery was indicated for most pregnant women, and the most common gestational complication was premature rupture of ovarian membranes (14 [3.4%;]). We detected 2 (0.5%) neonatal deaths, 2 (0.5%) stillbirths, and 1 (0.2%) maternal death.
Conclusion
Pregnant women with COVID-19 presented a clinical picture similar to that of non-infected pregnant women, with few obstetric or neonatal repercussions. There was a greater indication of cesarean deliveries before the disease aggravated, and there was no evidence of vertical transmission of the infection.
Views205This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract
Review ArticleClinical and Obstetric Aspects of Pregnant Women with COVID-19: A Systematic Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2021;43(12):949-960
- Sarah Nilkece Mesquita Araújo Nogueira Bastos ,
- Bárbara Louise Freire Barbosa ,
- Larisse Giselle Barbosa Cruz ,
- Rayza Pereira de Souza ,
- Simone Santos e Silva Melo ,
- Caroline Camargo Bandeira da Silveira Luz
Views205See moreAbstract
Objective
To analyze the clinical and obstetric aspects of pregnant women with COVID-19.
Methods
A systematic literature review in the MEDLINE/PubMed, LILACS, SCIELO, and CNKI databases was performed from March to May 2020, with the descriptors: Pregnancy; 2019-nCov; Coronavirus; SARS-Cov-2, Covid-19. Of those chosen were original titles, without language and period restriction and that addressed pregnant women with a clinical and/or laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19. Revisions, editorials, and duplicate titles were excluded. The Newcastle-Ottawa (NOS) and Murad et al. scales were used to assess the quality of the studies.
Results
We included 34 articles with 412 pregnant women infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-Cov-2), with an average age of 27.5 years of age and 36.0 gestational weeks. The most common symptom was fever (205 [49.7%]), and 89 (21.6%) pregnant women progressed to severe viral pneumonia. Laboratory tests showed an increase in C-reactive protein (154 [37.8%]), and radiological tests showed pneumonia with peripheral ground-glass pattern (172 [51.4%]). Emergency cesarean delivery was indicated for most pregnant women, and the most common gestational complication was premature rupture of ovarian membranes (14 [3.4%;]). We detected 2 (0.5%) neonatal deaths, 2 (0.5%) stillbirths, and 1 (0.2%) maternal death.
Conclusion
Pregnant women with COVID-19 presented a clinical picture similar to that of non-infected pregnant women, with few obstetric or neonatal repercussions. There was a greater indication of cesarean deliveries before the disease aggravated, and there was no evidence of vertical transmission of the infection.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 
- Sarah Nilkece Mesquita Araújo Nogueira Bastos
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Review Article01-24-2021
Intermittent versus Continuous Catheterization and Differences in the Evolution of Labor: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
- Inês Reis ,
- Sara Cunha ,
- Matilde Martins ,
- Luísa Sousa ,
- Adérito Seixas , [ ... ],
- Cátia Rasteiro
Abstract
Review ArticleIntermittent versus Continuous Catheterization and Differences in the Evolution of Labor: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2021;43(12):961-967
Views211See moreAbstract
Objective
To evaluate the differences between bladder emptying options (permanent catheterization and intermittent bladder emptying/spontaneous urination) regarding the effects on labor length, need of operative vaginal deliveries, and cesarean section rate.
Data Sources
The search was conducted in MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases.
Selection of Studies
The survey returned 964 studies. A total of 719 studies were evaluated by title and abstract, of which 4 were selected for inclusion.
Data Collection
All references were inserted in the Rayyan QCRI tool (Rayyan Systems Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA). The full text of the selected articles was obtained so we could later decide whether or not to include them in this systematic review.
Data Synthesis
No differences were found in the number of instrumented deliveries or in cesarean section rate between groups.
Conclusions
After evaluating the studies performed on the topic, we concluded that there is no clear advantage to either method, although continuous catheterization was associated with a greater occurrence of eutocic births. In the remaining outcomes, there were no differences between catheterization types.
Views211This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract
Review ArticleIntermittent versus Continuous Catheterization and Differences in the Evolution of Labor: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2021;43(12):961-967
Views211See moreAbstract
Objective
To evaluate the differences between bladder emptying options (permanent catheterization and intermittent bladder emptying/spontaneous urination) regarding the effects on labor length, need of operative vaginal deliveries, and cesarean section rate.
Data Sources
The search was conducted in MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases.
Selection of Studies
The survey returned 964 studies. A total of 719 studies were evaluated by title and abstract, of which 4 were selected for inclusion.
Data Collection
All references were inserted in the Rayyan QCRI tool (Rayyan Systems Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA). The full text of the selected articles was obtained so we could later decide whether or not to include them in this systematic review.
Data Synthesis
No differences were found in the number of instrumented deliveries or in cesarean section rate between groups.
Conclusions
After evaluating the studies performed on the topic, we concluded that there is no clear advantage to either method, although continuous catheterization was associated with a greater occurrence of eutocic births. In the remaining outcomes, there were no differences between catheterization types.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 
- Inês Reis
Review Article Archives - Page 4 of 24 - Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
