Artigos Originais Archives - Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2013;35(8):373-378
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032013000800007
PURPOSE: To compare by transvaginal ultrasound the position of the intrauterine device (IUD) inside the uterine cavity, depending on the time of insertion, postpartum and post-abortion, and during the menstrual cycle. METHODS: Epidemiologic, observational and cross-sectional study carried out between February and July, 2013. A total of 290 women were included, 205 of them with insertion during the menstrual cycle and 85 during the postpartum and post-abortion periods. The independent variables were: age, parity, time of use, insertion time, number of returns to family planning, satisfaction with the method, wish to continue using the device, symptoms and complications. The dependent variable was the adequate position of the IUD inside the uterine cavity. The χ² test with Pearson's correction and the Fisher exact test were used for statistical analysis, with the level of significance set at 5%. RESULTS: The average age was 29.4 years and the average time of IUD use was 2.7 years; 39.3% of the women had symptoms associated with the method, the most frequent being menorrhagia (44.7%). The degree of satisfaction was 85% and 61.4% of the women returned two or more times for consultation about family planning. Age, parity and the position of the uterus in the pelvic cavity was not associated with a poor position of the IUD inside the uterine cavity (p>0.05). Insertion during the menstrual cycle was significantly more associated with a correct position of the IUD than postpartum and post-abortion insertion (p<0.028). CONCLUSION: Postpartum and post-abortion insertion showed worse results regarding the adequacy of IUD position, a fact that was not observed regarding age, parity or position of the uterus in the pelvic cavity.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2013;35(8):373-378
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032013000800007
PURPOSE: To compare by transvaginal ultrasound the position of the intrauterine device (IUD) inside the uterine cavity, depending on the time of insertion, postpartum and post-abortion, and during the menstrual cycle. METHODS: Epidemiologic, observational and cross-sectional study carried out between February and July, 2013. A total of 290 women were included, 205 of them with insertion during the menstrual cycle and 85 during the postpartum and post-abortion periods. The independent variables were: age, parity, time of use, insertion time, number of returns to family planning, satisfaction with the method, wish to continue using the device, symptoms and complications. The dependent variable was the adequate position of the IUD inside the uterine cavity. The χ² test with Pearson's correction and the Fisher exact test were used for statistical analysis, with the level of significance set at 5%. RESULTS: The average age was 29.4 years and the average time of IUD use was 2.7 years; 39.3% of the women had symptoms associated with the method, the most frequent being menorrhagia (44.7%). The degree of satisfaction was 85% and 61.4% of the women returned two or more times for consultation about family planning. Age, parity and the position of the uterus in the pelvic cavity was not associated with a poor position of the IUD inside the uterine cavity (p>0.05). Insertion during the menstrual cycle was significantly more associated with a correct position of the IUD than postpartum and post-abortion insertion (p<0.028). CONCLUSION: Postpartum and post-abortion insertion showed worse results regarding the adequacy of IUD position, a fact that was not observed regarding age, parity or position of the uterus in the pelvic cavity.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2013;35(8):363-367
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032013000800005
PURPOSE: To evaluate the perinatal factors that influence the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in newborns infants (NBI) weighing less than 1,500 g. METHODS: A prospective study that analyzed all infants with birth weight (BW) less than 1,500 g born between January 2006 to December 2010 (n=183). They were divided into two groups, i.e. infants diagnosed with NEC (n=18) and infants without a diagnosis of NEC (n=165), which were compared in terms of perinatal factors that could influence the incidence of NEC. Mean data were compared by Student's t-test or nonparametric tests and percentages of categorical variables were compared by the χ² test. When the variables showed differences between groups, they were analyzed using logistic regression with the dependent variable as the presence of NEC. The statistical package used was SPSS 16.0 for Windows. RESULTS: The two groups were similar in terms of most of the clinical and demographic neonatal and maternal data, except for the presence of preeclampsia (PE), which was higher in patients whose children developed NEC (61.1 versus 35,6%). The presence of PE increased the chance of occurrence of NEC by 2.84 times (95%CI 1.0 - 7.7). CONCLUSION: The only factor that can interfere with the incidence of NEC in infants of very low birth weight was the presence of PE. Awareness of this fact can guide the perinatal team in providing more judicious care regarding the prevention of NEC in this specific population.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2013;35(8):363-367
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032013000800005
PURPOSE: To evaluate the perinatal factors that influence the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in newborns infants (NBI) weighing less than 1,500 g. METHODS: A prospective study that analyzed all infants with birth weight (BW) less than 1,500 g born between January 2006 to December 2010 (n=183). They were divided into two groups, i.e. infants diagnosed with NEC (n=18) and infants without a diagnosis of NEC (n=165), which were compared in terms of perinatal factors that could influence the incidence of NEC. Mean data were compared by Student's t-test or nonparametric tests and percentages of categorical variables were compared by the χ² test. When the variables showed differences between groups, they were analyzed using logistic regression with the dependent variable as the presence of NEC. The statistical package used was SPSS 16.0 for Windows. RESULTS: The two groups were similar in terms of most of the clinical and demographic neonatal and maternal data, except for the presence of preeclampsia (PE), which was higher in patients whose children developed NEC (61.1 versus 35,6%). The presence of PE increased the chance of occurrence of NEC by 2.84 times (95%CI 1.0 - 7.7). CONCLUSION: The only factor that can interfere with the incidence of NEC in infants of very low birth weight was the presence of PE. Awareness of this fact can guide the perinatal team in providing more judicious care regarding the prevention of NEC in this specific population.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2013;35(8):368-372
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032013000800006
PURPOSE: To compare the degree of peripheral facial palsy of pregnant women and puerperae at admission and at discharge and to evaluate related factors. METHODS: Retrospective, cross-sectional study, with analysis of medical records of pregnant and postpartum women with facial palsy, over a period of 12 months, with application of a standardized protocol for patient evaluation and of the House-Brackmann scale on the occasion of the first visit and at discharge. RESULTS: Six patients were identified, mean age of 22.6 years. Five cases were classified as stage IV and one as stage II on the House-Brackmann scale, being two of them puerperae and four pregnant. All showed improvement on the House-Brackmann scale. CONCLUSION: The Bell's palsy has a good prognosis even in pregnant and postpartum women, being important to perform the correct treatment to reduce the sequelae in this group identified as more susceptible to peripheral facial palsy.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2013;35(8):368-372
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032013000800006
PURPOSE: To compare the degree of peripheral facial palsy of pregnant women and puerperae at admission and at discharge and to evaluate related factors. METHODS: Retrospective, cross-sectional study, with analysis of medical records of pregnant and postpartum women with facial palsy, over a period of 12 months, with application of a standardized protocol for patient evaluation and of the House-Brackmann scale on the occasion of the first visit and at discharge. RESULTS: Six patients were identified, mean age of 22.6 years. Five cases were classified as stage IV and one as stage II on the House-Brackmann scale, being two of them puerperae and four pregnant. All showed improvement on the House-Brackmann scale. CONCLUSION: The Bell's palsy has a good prognosis even in pregnant and postpartum women, being important to perform the correct treatment to reduce the sequelae in this group identified as more susceptible to peripheral facial palsy.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2013;35(8):349-356
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032013000800003
PURPOSE: To characterize prenatal care and to evaluate the association of its adequacy with maternal, socioeconomic and environmental sanitation characteristics, as well as the influence of these factors on the birth weight of the children. METHODS: The eligible population for the study consisted of all women who had children during 2009 and lived in the city of Queimadas at the time of data collection. Information was collected with a questionnaire applied to the mothers in Family Health Basic Units or in their residence. The prenatal care adequacy index (outcome variable) was defined as adequate when the mother attended six or more prenatal visits and began monitoring during the first trimester of pregnancy (<20 weeks). Hierarchical logistic regression was performed to estimate the odds ratios for inadequate prenatal care and a multiple linear regression model was used to estimate the effect of adequacy of prenatal care and maternal, socioeconomic and environmental sanitation variables on birth weight. The statistical program used was Rv2.10.0, with the level of significance set at p <5%. RESULTS: Of a total of 199 women studied, 78.4% were classified as having received adequate prenatal care. After adjustment for other predictors, maternal age of 19 years or less remained as an explanatory variable of inadequate prenatal care (OR 4.27, 95%CI 1.10 - 15.89). Even after controlling for variables, child's birth weight was negatively associated with water supply from a well/spring and burnt/buried garbage, accounting for weight reductions of the order of 563.8, 262.0 and 951.9 g, respectively. CONCLUSION: Adequate prenatal care can alleviate the influence of socioeconomic disparities related to health care. Even in this situation, teenage mothers are more likely to receive inadequate prenatal care and low birth weight is favored by improper sanitation conditions (such as water supply and garbage disposal).
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2013;35(8):349-356
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032013000800003
PURPOSE: To characterize prenatal care and to evaluate the association of its adequacy with maternal, socioeconomic and environmental sanitation characteristics, as well as the influence of these factors on the birth weight of the children. METHODS: The eligible population for the study consisted of all women who had children during 2009 and lived in the city of Queimadas at the time of data collection. Information was collected with a questionnaire applied to the mothers in Family Health Basic Units or in their residence. The prenatal care adequacy index (outcome variable) was defined as adequate when the mother attended six or more prenatal visits and began monitoring during the first trimester of pregnancy (<20 weeks). Hierarchical logistic regression was performed to estimate the odds ratios for inadequate prenatal care and a multiple linear regression model was used to estimate the effect of adequacy of prenatal care and maternal, socioeconomic and environmental sanitation variables on birth weight. The statistical program used was Rv2.10.0, with the level of significance set at p <5%. RESULTS: Of a total of 199 women studied, 78.4% were classified as having received adequate prenatal care. After adjustment for other predictors, maternal age of 19 years or less remained as an explanatory variable of inadequate prenatal care (OR 4.27, 95%CI 1.10 - 15.89). Even after controlling for variables, child's birth weight was negatively associated with water supply from a well/spring and burnt/buried garbage, accounting for weight reductions of the order of 563.8, 262.0 and 951.9 g, respectively. CONCLUSION: Adequate prenatal care can alleviate the influence of socioeconomic disparities related to health care. Even in this situation, teenage mothers are more likely to receive inadequate prenatal care and low birth weight is favored by improper sanitation conditions (such as water supply and garbage disposal).
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2013;35(8):342-348
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032013000800002
PURPOSE: To determine maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with low amniotic fluid, according to the amniotic fluid index (AFI). METHODS: A cohort study conducted on 176 patients admitted to the high risk ward of Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Amniotic fluid was measured by the amniotic fluid index, and classified as low when between 5.1 and 7.9 cm, moderate oligohydramnios between 3.1 and 5.0 cm, and severe oligohydramnios when less than or equal to 3.0 cm. To determine the difference between the three groups of categorical variables studied the chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used, when applicable, and for the numerical variables the Mann-Whitney test was applied, with the level of significance set at 5%. RESULTS: Fetal malformation more frequently occurred when oligohydramnios was severe. Hypertensive disorders, however, were associated with moderate oligohydramnios. There was similarity between the three groups in relation to premature rupture of membranes and other causes. Low amniotic fluid was more frequently diagnosed when tested at the gestational age of 32 weeks or earlier. Regarding the perinatal outcomes, the incidence of Apgar score <7 in the 1st and 5th minutes, perinatal death, neonatal jaundice and pulmonary hypoplasia was higher when oligohydramnios was moderate to severe. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal and perinatal causes and outcomes in pregnant women with low amniotic fluid vary with respect to their AFI, severe oligohydramnios being associated with fetal malformation and other adverse perinatal outcomes.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2013;35(8):342-348
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032013000800002
PURPOSE: To determine maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with low amniotic fluid, according to the amniotic fluid index (AFI). METHODS: A cohort study conducted on 176 patients admitted to the high risk ward of Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Amniotic fluid was measured by the amniotic fluid index, and classified as low when between 5.1 and 7.9 cm, moderate oligohydramnios between 3.1 and 5.0 cm, and severe oligohydramnios when less than or equal to 3.0 cm. To determine the difference between the three groups of categorical variables studied the chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used, when applicable, and for the numerical variables the Mann-Whitney test was applied, with the level of significance set at 5%. RESULTS: Fetal malformation more frequently occurred when oligohydramnios was severe. Hypertensive disorders, however, were associated with moderate oligohydramnios. There was similarity between the three groups in relation to premature rupture of membranes and other causes. Low amniotic fluid was more frequently diagnosed when tested at the gestational age of 32 weeks or earlier. Regarding the perinatal outcomes, the incidence of Apgar score <7 in the 1st and 5th minutes, perinatal death, neonatal jaundice and pulmonary hypoplasia was higher when oligohydramnios was moderate to severe. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal and perinatal causes and outcomes in pregnant women with low amniotic fluid vary with respect to their AFI, severe oligohydramnios being associated with fetal malformation and other adverse perinatal outcomes.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2013;35(7):309-316
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032013000700005
PURPOSE: To determine perinatal outcomes and factors associated with fetal brain sparing effect diagnosed by Doppler flow velocimetry in patients with arterial hypertension. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional retrospective study including 129 pregnant women with arterial hypertension and submitted to Doppler flow velocimetry, within fifteen days before delivery. Women with multiple pregnancies, fetal malformations, genital bleeding, placenta praevia, premature rupture of membranes, smoking, illicit drug use and chronic diseases were excluded. We analyzed the biological, socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics, as well the perinatal outcomes. To determine the association between variables, we used the χ² test, Fisher's exact test and Student's t-test. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with fetal centralization. RESULTS: Pre-eclampsia was the most frequent hypertensive disorder (53.5%) and fetal brain sparing effect was observed in 24.0% of fetuses. The prenatal factors associated with fetal brain sparing were the persistence of bilateral protodiastolic notches in uterine arteries (OR 3.6; 95%CI 1.4 - 9.4; p=0.009) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (OR 3.3; 95%CI 1.2 - 9.3; p=0.02). The perinatal outcomes associated with fetal brain sparing were gestational age <32 weeks, small for gestational age (SGA) infants, birth weight <2,500 g and perinatal death. There was no association with other maternal or neonatal variables. CONCLUSIONS: The main factors associated with fetal brain sparing were persistence of uterine arteries notches, IUGR, and increased frequency of adverse perinatal outcomes.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2013;35(7):309-316
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032013000700005
PURPOSE: To determine perinatal outcomes and factors associated with fetal brain sparing effect diagnosed by Doppler flow velocimetry in patients with arterial hypertension. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional retrospective study including 129 pregnant women with arterial hypertension and submitted to Doppler flow velocimetry, within fifteen days before delivery. Women with multiple pregnancies, fetal malformations, genital bleeding, placenta praevia, premature rupture of membranes, smoking, illicit drug use and chronic diseases were excluded. We analyzed the biological, socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics, as well the perinatal outcomes. To determine the association between variables, we used the χ² test, Fisher's exact test and Student's t-test. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with fetal centralization. RESULTS: Pre-eclampsia was the most frequent hypertensive disorder (53.5%) and fetal brain sparing effect was observed in 24.0% of fetuses. The prenatal factors associated with fetal brain sparing were the persistence of bilateral protodiastolic notches in uterine arteries (OR 3.6; 95%CI 1.4 - 9.4; p=0.009) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (OR 3.3; 95%CI 1.2 - 9.3; p=0.02). The perinatal outcomes associated with fetal brain sparing were gestational age <32 weeks, small for gestational age (SGA) infants, birth weight <2,500 g and perinatal death. There was no association with other maternal or neonatal variables. CONCLUSIONS: The main factors associated with fetal brain sparing were persistence of uterine arteries notches, IUGR, and increased frequency of adverse perinatal outcomes.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2013;35(7):301-308
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032013000700004
PURPOSE: To evaluate sexual function in postmenopausal women diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: Case-control study with 195 postmenopausal women (amenorrhea ≥1 year, FSH≥30 mIU/mL, aged 43 to 69 years) seen at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo and in the Basic Units of the Family Health Program of São Paulo. Clinical data were collected, and body mass index and waist circumference were evaluated. Total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterols, triglycerides, and fasting glucose were determined for biochemical analysis. We considered women to have the metabolic syndrome when they met three or more diagnostic criteria: waist circumference>88 cm and triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL; cholesterol HDL <50 mg/dL; blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg, and fasting glucose ≥110 mg/dL. The participants were divided into Control Group (n=87) and Metabolic Syndrome Group (n=108). The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was employed to assess the sexual function. RESULTS: Mean age was 54.0±4.7 years. The rate of sexual dysfunction was significantly higher in women with the metabolic syndrome than in the Control Group, both when considering FSFI <26.5 (90/108 [83.3%] versus 42/87 [48.2%], p<0.0001) and FSFI <23 (62/108 [57.4%] versus 16/87 [18.39%], p<0.001). The domains desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm (p<0.001), and satisfaction (p=0.002) had lower scores in women with the metabolic syndrome. For the pain scores, there was no significant difference (p=0.57) between groups. All components of the metabolic syndrome diagnosis were associated with higher levels of sexual dysfunction (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome present more frequently sexual dysfunction than those of the same age who do not have it.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2013;35(7):301-308
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032013000700004
PURPOSE: To evaluate sexual function in postmenopausal women diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: Case-control study with 195 postmenopausal women (amenorrhea ≥1 year, FSH≥30 mIU/mL, aged 43 to 69 years) seen at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo and in the Basic Units of the Family Health Program of São Paulo. Clinical data were collected, and body mass index and waist circumference were evaluated. Total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterols, triglycerides, and fasting glucose were determined for biochemical analysis. We considered women to have the metabolic syndrome when they met three or more diagnostic criteria: waist circumference>88 cm and triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL; cholesterol HDL <50 mg/dL; blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg, and fasting glucose ≥110 mg/dL. The participants were divided into Control Group (n=87) and Metabolic Syndrome Group (n=108). The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was employed to assess the sexual function. RESULTS: Mean age was 54.0±4.7 years. The rate of sexual dysfunction was significantly higher in women with the metabolic syndrome than in the Control Group, both when considering FSFI <26.5 (90/108 [83.3%] versus 42/87 [48.2%], p<0.0001) and FSFI <23 (62/108 [57.4%] versus 16/87 [18.39%], p<0.001). The domains desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm (p<0.001), and satisfaction (p=0.002) had lower scores in women with the metabolic syndrome. For the pain scores, there was no significant difference (p=0.57) between groups. All components of the metabolic syndrome diagnosis were associated with higher levels of sexual dysfunction (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome present more frequently sexual dysfunction than those of the same age who do not have it.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2013;35(7):323-330
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032013000700007
PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence and identify the factors associated with delayed pap smear test of the cervix (carried out more than three years ago) among mothers with sons under two years of age, who attended the prenatal care. METHODS: Cross-sectional, population-based household survey. Women with sons under two years old, living in the northern area of the city of Juiz de Fora (MG), Brazil, were interviewed. Stratification and clustering were used in a complex sampling procedure. We applied a survey questionnaire to capture women's demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of women and information about prenatal and practices for preventing cancer of the cervix. For statistical analysis of the possible bivariate association of factors, we used χ² test and a logistic regression model with the explanatory variables that had a significance less than or equal to 0.05 in the bivariate analysis. RESULTS: We found a delayed test prevalence of 26.6% (95%CI 21.3 - 32.6), including women who were never submitted to the exam. The variables associated with the non-adherence to the examination within the stipulated time were: to be married (OR 0.5; 95%CI 0.2 - 0.9), and divorced/widowed (OR 0.1; 95%CI 0.02 - 0,8), having performed gynecological examination in prenatal care (OR 0.3; 95%CI 0.1 - 0.6) and number of prenatal visits (OR 0.09; 95%CI 0.03 - 0.25 for more than 11 visits), being all protection factors. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of adherence to Pap smear guidelines is slightly lower than the percentage recommended by the World Health Organization. Apart from that, the fact that the woman was submitted to the prenatal care did not guarantee the adherence to Pap smear frequency guidelines.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2013;35(7):323-330
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032013000700007
PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence and identify the factors associated with delayed pap smear test of the cervix (carried out more than three years ago) among mothers with sons under two years of age, who attended the prenatal care. METHODS: Cross-sectional, population-based household survey. Women with sons under two years old, living in the northern area of the city of Juiz de Fora (MG), Brazil, were interviewed. Stratification and clustering were used in a complex sampling procedure. We applied a survey questionnaire to capture women's demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of women and information about prenatal and practices for preventing cancer of the cervix. For statistical analysis of the possible bivariate association of factors, we used χ² test and a logistic regression model with the explanatory variables that had a significance less than or equal to 0.05 in the bivariate analysis. RESULTS: We found a delayed test prevalence of 26.6% (95%CI 21.3 - 32.6), including women who were never submitted to the exam. The variables associated with the non-adherence to the examination within the stipulated time were: to be married (OR 0.5; 95%CI 0.2 - 0.9), and divorced/widowed (OR 0.1; 95%CI 0.02 - 0,8), having performed gynecological examination in prenatal care (OR 0.3; 95%CI 0.1 - 0.6) and number of prenatal visits (OR 0.09; 95%CI 0.03 - 0.25 for more than 11 visits), being all protection factors. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of adherence to Pap smear guidelines is slightly lower than the percentage recommended by the World Health Organization. Apart from that, the fact that the woman was submitted to the prenatal care did not guarantee the adherence to Pap smear frequency guidelines.