Climacterium Archives - Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(1):28-34
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000100006
PURPOSE: to determine the prevalence of depression and anxiety in climacteric women and the probable factors responsible for its occurrence. METHODS: a transversal study that has selected 93 women attended at a climacteric outpatient clinic, from May 2006 to August 2007. Inclusion criteria were: women from 40 to 65 years old who agreed with participating in the project. Exclusion criteria: patients in hormonal therapy, hormone-therapy by implant, DIUs and depo injections in the preceding six months, endocrinopathies leading to menstrual irregularities, hepatopathies, thrombopathies, use of drugs which interfere in the menstrual cycle, anxiolytics and antidepressants (as their use indicates previous diagnosis of mood disorders), hysterectomy, oophorectomy, cancer or psychiatric disease, and patients who had been submitted to radio or chemotherapy. During the interview, four questionnaires were applied: Anamnesis, containing socio-demographic, clinical and living habits data; Blatt-Kupperman's Menopausal Index for climacteric syndrome diagnosis; Anxiety sub-scale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS-A) for anxiety diagnosis; and Beck's Depression Inventory for the diagnosis of depression. Descriptive and correlation analysis among the variables, χ2 and Hosmer-Lemeshow tests were performed using the Statistica Software program, version 6. RESULTS: the average depression prevalence among the patients was 36.8%, while that of anxiety was 53.7%. There was no significant difference between the prevalence of depression and anxiety in the three phases of climacterium. There was a significant relationship between the presence of moderate climacteric symptoms and the presence of mood alterations (p<0.001). Depression was more frequent in women with anxiety (OR=4.2) and insomnia (OR=4.9), having a job being a protection factor (OR=0.2). Risk factors related to anxiety were the presence of depression (OR=6.1) and antecedents of pre-menstrual tension (OR=7.0). CONCLUSIONS: the prevalence of depression and anxiety is high in climacterium, being possible to detect risk factors related to their occurrence.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(1):28-34
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000100006
PURPOSE: to determine the prevalence of depression and anxiety in climacteric women and the probable factors responsible for its occurrence. METHODS: a transversal study that has selected 93 women attended at a climacteric outpatient clinic, from May 2006 to August 2007. Inclusion criteria were: women from 40 to 65 years old who agreed with participating in the project. Exclusion criteria: patients in hormonal therapy, hormone-therapy by implant, DIUs and depo injections in the preceding six months, endocrinopathies leading to menstrual irregularities, hepatopathies, thrombopathies, use of drugs which interfere in the menstrual cycle, anxiolytics and antidepressants (as their use indicates previous diagnosis of mood disorders), hysterectomy, oophorectomy, cancer or psychiatric disease, and patients who had been submitted to radio or chemotherapy. During the interview, four questionnaires were applied: Anamnesis, containing socio-demographic, clinical and living habits data; Blatt-Kupperman's Menopausal Index for climacteric syndrome diagnosis; Anxiety sub-scale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS-A) for anxiety diagnosis; and Beck's Depression Inventory for the diagnosis of depression. Descriptive and correlation analysis among the variables, χ2 and Hosmer-Lemeshow tests were performed using the Statistica Software program, version 6. RESULTS: the average depression prevalence among the patients was 36.8%, while that of anxiety was 53.7%. There was no significant difference between the prevalence of depression and anxiety in the three phases of climacterium. There was a significant relationship between the presence of moderate climacteric symptoms and the presence of mood alterations (p<0.001). Depression was more frequent in women with anxiety (OR=4.2) and insomnia (OR=4.9), having a job being a protection factor (OR=0.2). Risk factors related to anxiety were the presence of depression (OR=6.1) and antecedents of pre-menstrual tension (OR=7.0). CONCLUSIONS: the prevalence of depression and anxiety is high in climacterium, being possible to detect risk factors related to their occurrence.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2005;27(8):479-484
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032005000800008
PURPOSE: to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among climacteric women. METHODS: this cross-sectional study included 611 women aged between 45 and 60 years attended at a climacteric clinic from January to June 2003. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was evaluated through the body mass index (BMI). Overweight or obesity was considered when there was a BMI equal or higher than 25 kg/m². Sociodemographic and reproductive variables as well as life style were also evaluated. The chi2 test followed by logistic regression was performed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: the average age of the studied women was 51.4 (±4.4) years, whereas 52.9% of them were postmenopausal. About 63.7% of them had a BMI equal or higher than 25 kg/m². The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 33.6 and 30.1%, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher among older women (OR=1.2; 95%IC: 1.1-1.4) or non hormonal therapy users (OR=1.8; 95%IC: 1.2-2.8). The opposite was observed among the women without a professional occupation (OR=0.6; 95%IC: 0.5-0.9) or a steady partner (OR=0.7; 95%IC: 0,4-0,9). CONCLUSIONS: in this study, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was influenced by age, but not by the menopausal status. The association between the marital status and occupation and the BMI strengthens the hypothesis that the health of the climacteric women may be influenced by biological factors as well as by psychosocial factors and life style. The lowest prevalence of overweight and obesity among the users of hormonal therapy may be explained by possible restrictions in relation to its prescription for women with previous overweight or obesity. Further studies are necessary to get more conclusive results, in particular with longitudinal studies.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2005;27(8):479-484
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032005000800008
PURPOSE: to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among climacteric women. METHODS: this cross-sectional study included 611 women aged between 45 and 60 years attended at a climacteric clinic from January to June 2003. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was evaluated through the body mass index (BMI). Overweight or obesity was considered when there was a BMI equal or higher than 25 kg/m². Sociodemographic and reproductive variables as well as life style were also evaluated. The chi2 test followed by logistic regression was performed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: the average age of the studied women was 51.4 (±4.4) years, whereas 52.9% of them were postmenopausal. About 63.7% of them had a BMI equal or higher than 25 kg/m². The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 33.6 and 30.1%, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher among older women (OR=1.2; 95%IC: 1.1-1.4) or non hormonal therapy users (OR=1.8; 95%IC: 1.2-2.8). The opposite was observed among the women without a professional occupation (OR=0.6; 95%IC: 0.5-0.9) or a steady partner (OR=0.7; 95%IC: 0,4-0,9). CONCLUSIONS: in this study, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was influenced by age, but not by the menopausal status. The association between the marital status and occupation and the BMI strengthens the hypothesis that the health of the climacteric women may be influenced by biological factors as well as by psychosocial factors and life style. The lowest prevalence of overweight and obesity among the users of hormonal therapy may be explained by possible restrictions in relation to its prescription for women with previous overweight or obesity. Further studies are necessary to get more conclusive results, in particular with longitudinal studies.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2000;22(1):37-41
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000100007
Purpose: to evaluate the effects of tibolone on climacteric symptoms and clinical and metabolic variables. Methods: thirty-four postmenopausal women were treated orally with 2.5 mg tibolone daily for 48 weeks and evaluated as to climacteric complaints, clinical aspects such as weight and blood pressure and lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, VLDL-c and triglycerides). Results: a significant improvement of climacteric complaints was demonstrated by a significant decrease in the Kupperman index (p<0.001) and the mean number of hot flushes (p<0.001) from the first month of treatment onwards. There was a significant decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides and VLDL-c (p<0.001). The LDL-c levels presented a slight decrease (not significant). The HDL-c levels showed a significant decrease at week 24. However these levels returned to baseline levels at week 48. With regard to the vital signs no change in body weight and blood pressure was measured. The side effects were mild and temporary, vaginal bleeding, nausea and edema being the most common. Conclusion: tibolone may be considered a safe and efficient option to treat climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women without significant impact on lipid profile.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2000;22(1):37-41
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000100007
Purpose: to evaluate the effects of tibolone on climacteric symptoms and clinical and metabolic variables. Methods: thirty-four postmenopausal women were treated orally with 2.5 mg tibolone daily for 48 weeks and evaluated as to climacteric complaints, clinical aspects such as weight and blood pressure and lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, VLDL-c and triglycerides). Results: a significant improvement of climacteric complaints was demonstrated by a significant decrease in the Kupperman index (p<0.001) and the mean number of hot flushes (p<0.001) from the first month of treatment onwards. There was a significant decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides and VLDL-c (p<0.001). The LDL-c levels presented a slight decrease (not significant). The HDL-c levels showed a significant decrease at week 24. However these levels returned to baseline levels at week 48. With regard to the vital signs no change in body weight and blood pressure was measured. The side effects were mild and temporary, vaginal bleeding, nausea and edema being the most common. Conclusion: tibolone may be considered a safe and efficient option to treat climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women without significant impact on lipid profile.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2005;27(1):7-11
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032005000100004
PURPOSE: to identify factors associated with climacteric symptoms. METHODS: a cross-sectional study of 254 women aged between 45 and 60 years was carried out at the Climacterium Outpatient Clinic of Caxias do Sul University, RS, from June to October 2002. Women with previous hysterectomy or under hormonal therapy were excluded. The climacteric symptoms were evaluated by means of the Kuppermann index and the attitudes toward menopause by a specific questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Student's t test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: twenty eight percent of the women reported mild climacteric symtoms, whereas 42.3% reported moderate symptoms and 30.7%, intense symptoms. The most prevalent symptoms were: irritability (87.1%), arthralgias/myalgias (77.5%) and melancholy (73.2%), while the most severe were hot flushes in 60.2% of the women, irritability and insomnia. Attitudes toward menopause, skin color and physical activity were predictors of climacteric symptoms. Positive attitudes toward menopause (p=0.01), white color (p=0.02) and the habit of practicing physical activity (0.04) were associated with less intense climacteric symptoms. Negative attitudes toward menopause were associated with worse climacteric symptoms (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: in the current study, the climacteric symptoms were influenced by psychosocial factors and physical activity, as well as by climacteric hypoestrogenism.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2005;27(1):7-11
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032005000100004
PURPOSE: to identify factors associated with climacteric symptoms. METHODS: a cross-sectional study of 254 women aged between 45 and 60 years was carried out at the Climacterium Outpatient Clinic of Caxias do Sul University, RS, from June to October 2002. Women with previous hysterectomy or under hormonal therapy were excluded. The climacteric symptoms were evaluated by means of the Kuppermann index and the attitudes toward menopause by a specific questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Student's t test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: twenty eight percent of the women reported mild climacteric symtoms, whereas 42.3% reported moderate symptoms and 30.7%, intense symptoms. The most prevalent symptoms were: irritability (87.1%), arthralgias/myalgias (77.5%) and melancholy (73.2%), while the most severe were hot flushes in 60.2% of the women, irritability and insomnia. Attitudes toward menopause, skin color and physical activity were predictors of climacteric symptoms. Positive attitudes toward menopause (p=0.01), white color (p=0.02) and the habit of practicing physical activity (0.04) were associated with less intense climacteric symptoms. Negative attitudes toward menopause were associated with worse climacteric symptoms (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: in the current study, the climacteric symptoms were influenced by psychosocial factors and physical activity, as well as by climacteric hypoestrogenism.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2000;22(8):481-487
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000800003
Purpose: based on the knowledge that the reliability of an instrument is essential for a correct interpretation of the results of research, the purpose of the present study is to evaluate the reliability of one of the menopausal indexes more often used in clinical practice and research, the Blatt and Kupperman Menopausal Index (BKMI). Methods: the population consisted of 60 climacteric patients attended at the Gynecology Outpatient Clinic of the Lauro Wanderley University Hospital of the Federal University of Paraíba in João Pessoa city. The reliability coefficient was analyzed by the test-retest method, whose application was done on two different occasions with an interval of four weeks, without administration of medicines. Results: the variation of the score observed with the application of BKMI at the first measurement was 2 to 41, with a median of 18 and mean of 18.8 (± 10.76), while at the second measurement, the menopausal index was 20.2 (± 10.51), median 19, and values ranging from 2 to 39. Despite these results, a Speaman (r s) coefficient of 0.68 (p = 0.001), which is a coefficient of only moderate intensity, was observed. Conclusions: the test-retest reliability in the application of the BKMI shows that, although this instrument presented a statistically moderate reliability, the intensity observed does not represent a reliable measurement. Considering that a correlational study is only a type of screening of the quality of a measurement method, we concluded that other studies must be performed with the purpose of evaluating the reliability and the validity of the BKMI. It is possible that the attribuition of different values to the items of BKMI and the inclusion of symptoms directly related to the estrogenic defficiency, like symptoms of vaginal atrophy, would make the instrument more reliable.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2000;22(8):481-487
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000800003
Purpose: based on the knowledge that the reliability of an instrument is essential for a correct interpretation of the results of research, the purpose of the present study is to evaluate the reliability of one of the menopausal indexes more often used in clinical practice and research, the Blatt and Kupperman Menopausal Index (BKMI). Methods: the population consisted of 60 climacteric patients attended at the Gynecology Outpatient Clinic of the Lauro Wanderley University Hospital of the Federal University of Paraíba in João Pessoa city. The reliability coefficient was analyzed by the test-retest method, whose application was done on two different occasions with an interval of four weeks, without administration of medicines. Results: the variation of the score observed with the application of BKMI at the first measurement was 2 to 41, with a median of 18 and mean of 18.8 (± 10.76), while at the second measurement, the menopausal index was 20.2 (± 10.51), median 19, and values ranging from 2 to 39. Despite these results, a Speaman (r s) coefficient of 0.68 (p = 0.001), which is a coefficient of only moderate intensity, was observed. Conclusions: the test-retest reliability in the application of the BKMI shows that, although this instrument presented a statistically moderate reliability, the intensity observed does not represent a reliable measurement. Considering that a correlational study is only a type of screening of the quality of a measurement method, we concluded that other studies must be performed with the purpose of evaluating the reliability and the validity of the BKMI. It is possible that the attribuition of different values to the items of BKMI and the inclusion of symptoms directly related to the estrogenic defficiency, like symptoms of vaginal atrophy, would make the instrument more reliable.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2002;24(8):547-552
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002000800008
Purpose: to evaluate the estrogenic effects of soy phytoestrogens in postmenopausal patients. Method: we selected postmenopausal patients from the Climacteric Service of the Gynecology Department of the Federal University of São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina. The patients were divided into two groups: GI (n=40) received daily 100 mg isoflavone (3 x 33.3 mg/day); and GCtr (n=40) received daily placebo. We included in this study the Kuppermann menopausal index, physical examination and the biochemical determination of total and fractions of cholesterol, triglycerides, estradiol, FSH e LH. We also performed sonographic examination to measure endometrial thickness. To compare baseline and after treatment values of both groups, the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used for the Kuppermann index, while the t test was performed for other data. Results: evaluation of the Kupperman Menopausal Index, 80% patients of GI showed a decrease in the total score, while the improvement of symptoms in GCtr was 12,5%. The analysis of total cholesterol levels showed that 35 patients of GI had levels above 200 mg/dL, and only 13 of GCtr presented similar levels. The body mass index reduction occurred in GI and the control group showed no changes. We also verified that echo endometrial thickness and FSH levels were similar to baseline values. However the values of estrogen increased after isoflavone treatment. Conclusion: we concluded that 100 mg/day isoflavone may be an alternative treatment for attenuating the climacteric symptoms in 80% of isoflavone users and that it reduced total cholesterol.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2002;24(8):547-552
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002000800008
Purpose: to evaluate the estrogenic effects of soy phytoestrogens in postmenopausal patients. Method: we selected postmenopausal patients from the Climacteric Service of the Gynecology Department of the Federal University of São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina. The patients were divided into two groups: GI (n=40) received daily 100 mg isoflavone (3 x 33.3 mg/day); and GCtr (n=40) received daily placebo. We included in this study the Kuppermann menopausal index, physical examination and the biochemical determination of total and fractions of cholesterol, triglycerides, estradiol, FSH e LH. We also performed sonographic examination to measure endometrial thickness. To compare baseline and after treatment values of both groups, the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used for the Kuppermann index, while the t test was performed for other data. Results: evaluation of the Kupperman Menopausal Index, 80% patients of GI showed a decrease in the total score, while the improvement of symptoms in GCtr was 12,5%. The analysis of total cholesterol levels showed that 35 patients of GI had levels above 200 mg/dL, and only 13 of GCtr presented similar levels. The body mass index reduction occurred in GI and the control group showed no changes. We also verified that echo endometrial thickness and FSH levels were similar to baseline values. However the values of estrogen increased after isoflavone treatment. Conclusion: we concluded that 100 mg/day isoflavone may be an alternative treatment for attenuating the climacteric symptoms in 80% of isoflavone users and that it reduced total cholesterol.