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Artigos Originais
Cyclooxygenase-2 in invasive ductal carcinoma with ductal component in situ and in adjacent epithelium
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2007;29(6):310-316
10-08-2007
Summary
Artigos OriginaisCyclooxygenase-2 in invasive ductal carcinoma with ductal component in situ and in adjacent epithelium
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2007;29(6):310-316
10-08-2007DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032007000600006
Views102PURPOSE: to evaluate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), adjacent normal stroma, and epithelium. The correlation of expression levels with nuclear grade, histological grade, presence or absence of comedonecrosis, tumor size, and patient age was also analyzed. METHODS: forty-seven surgical samples obtained from mastectomy and quadrantectomy with simultaneous DCIS and IDC, stages I and II were included. Anti-COX-2 polyclonal antibodies were used to determine enzyme expression. Samples were classified from zero to three, in accordance with number and intensity of stained cells. RESULTS: COX-2 was positively expressed in IDC, DCIS, and normal epithelium in 86.7, 84.4, and 73.3% of the cases, respectively. Concerning nuclear grade (NG), COX-2 expression was positive in 80% of cases of NG-I; in 81.5 and 78.9% of NG II, and in 88.5 and 96.1% of NG III in DCIS and IDC, respectively. COX-2 expression occurred in 78.9% of DCIS with comedonecrosis and in 89.3% without comedonecrosis. As to histological grade (HG) of IDC, COX-2 was positive in 83.3% of HG-I; 89.9% of HG-II and 80% of HG-III. Concerning tumor diameter, COX-2 was present in 86.1% of IDC cases and in 83.3% of DCIS larger than 2 cm and in 11% of IDC and DCIS tumors ≤2 cm. The age range ≥50 years presented 90% expression for IDC and 86.7% for DCIS, and the expression was 92.5% for both IDC and DCIS in patients <50 years. CONCLUSIONS: our results demonstrated high correlation between COX-2 expression in IDC, DCIS and in the normal epithelium, which is consistent with the hypothesis that COX-2 over expression is an early event in breast carcinogenesis. There was no significant correlation between COX-2 expression in IDC and DCIS and nuclear grade, histological grade, presence of comedonecrosis, age group and tumor size.
Key-words Breast neoplasmsCarcinoma, ductal, breastCarcinoma, intraductal, noninfiltratingCyclooxygenase 2ImmunohistochemistrySee moreViews102
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Summary
Artigos OriginaisCyclooxygenase-2 in invasive ductal carcinoma with ductal component in situ and in adjacent epithelium
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2007;29(6):310-316
10-08-2007DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032007000600006
Views102PURPOSE: to evaluate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), adjacent normal stroma, and epithelium. The correlation of expression levels with nuclear grade, histological grade, presence or absence of comedonecrosis, tumor size, and patient age was also analyzed. METHODS: forty-seven surgical samples obtained from mastectomy and quadrantectomy with simultaneous DCIS and IDC, stages I and II were included. Anti-COX-2 polyclonal antibodies were used to determine enzyme expression. Samples were classified from zero to three, in accordance with number and intensity of stained cells. RESULTS: COX-2 was positively expressed in IDC, DCIS, and normal epithelium in 86.7, 84.4, and 73.3% of the cases, respectively. Concerning nuclear grade (NG), COX-2 expression was positive in 80% of cases of NG-I; in 81.5 and 78.9% of NG II, and in 88.5 and 96.1% of NG III in DCIS and IDC, respectively. COX-2 expression occurred in 78.9% of DCIS with comedonecrosis and in 89.3% without comedonecrosis. As to histological grade (HG) of IDC, COX-2 was positive in 83.3% of HG-I; 89.9% of HG-II and 80% of HG-III. Concerning tumor diameter, COX-2 was present in 86.1% of IDC cases and in 83.3% of DCIS larger than 2 cm and in 11% of IDC and DCIS tumors ≤2 cm. The age range ≥50 years presented 90% expression for IDC and 86.7% for DCIS, and the expression was 92.5% for both IDC and DCIS in patients <50 years. CONCLUSIONS: our results demonstrated high correlation between COX-2 expression in IDC, DCIS and in the normal epithelium, which is consistent with the hypothesis that COX-2 over expression is an early event in breast carcinogenesis. There was no significant correlation between COX-2 expression in IDC and DCIS and nuclear grade, histological grade, presence of comedonecrosis, age group and tumor size.
Key-words Breast neoplasmsCarcinoma, ductal, breastCarcinoma, intraductal, noninfiltratingCyclooxygenase 2ImmunohistochemistrySee moreThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
Artigos Originais
Evaluation of the efficacy of the excisional biopsy after wire localization of nonpalpable breast lesions
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2007;29(4):200-204
07-30-2007
Summary
Artigos OriginaisEvaluation of the efficacy of the excisional biopsy after wire localization of nonpalpable breast lesions
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2007;29(4):200-204
07-30-2007DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032007000400006
Views73See morePURPOSE: the aim of this clinical study of the histological findings in nonpalpable breast lesions managed by surgical excision after wire localization. METHODS: a total of 48 women subjected to 51 preoperative localizations of nonpalpable, mammographically detected breast lesions during August 2001 to April 2005. Indications for biopsy were clustered microcalcifications, solid mass, radiologic parenchymal distortion and focal asymmetries. The lesions were localized preoperatively using hook wire methods, and all biopsies were performed under local anesthesia and venous sedation. RESULTS: histopathology revealed carcinoma in 16 biopsies (31.4%). Noninvasive carcinoma was found in 50% of malignant lesions. Successful lesion sampling was achieved at the first attempt in 100% of cases. Among all malignant lesions, positive-surgical margins were observed in 18.7%. Postoperative complications were a rare event in our series. Suture dehiscence was found in four patients (7.8%). Two of these (3.9%) had local infection. CONCLUSIONS: the hook-wire localization for nonpalpable breast lesions is a simple, accurate and safe method for detection of early breast cancers. The appropriate surgical approach in a single procedure is an excellent method for diagnosis and treatment for early stage, nonpalpable breast carcinoma.
Views73This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Summary
Artigos OriginaisEvaluation of the efficacy of the excisional biopsy after wire localization of nonpalpable breast lesions
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2007;29(4):200-204
07-30-2007DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032007000400006
Views73See morePURPOSE: the aim of this clinical study of the histological findings in nonpalpable breast lesions managed by surgical excision after wire localization. METHODS: a total of 48 women subjected to 51 preoperative localizations of nonpalpable, mammographically detected breast lesions during August 2001 to April 2005. Indications for biopsy were clustered microcalcifications, solid mass, radiologic parenchymal distortion and focal asymmetries. The lesions were localized preoperatively using hook wire methods, and all biopsies were performed under local anesthesia and venous sedation. RESULTS: histopathology revealed carcinoma in 16 biopsies (31.4%). Noninvasive carcinoma was found in 50% of malignant lesions. Successful lesion sampling was achieved at the first attempt in 100% of cases. Among all malignant lesions, positive-surgical margins were observed in 18.7%. Postoperative complications were a rare event in our series. Suture dehiscence was found in four patients (7.8%). Two of these (3.9%) had local infection. CONCLUSIONS: the hook-wire localization for nonpalpable breast lesions is a simple, accurate and safe method for detection of early breast cancers. The appropriate surgical approach in a single procedure is an excellent method for diagnosis and treatment for early stage, nonpalpable breast carcinoma.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
Artigo de Revisão
Benign breast masses: a review on diagnosis and management
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2007;29(4):211-219
07-30-2007
Summary
Artigo de RevisãoBenign breast masses: a review on diagnosis and management
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2007;29(4):211-219
07-30-2007DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032007000400008
Views41See moreThe benign mammary tumors are responsible for up to 80% of the clinical masses. Its differential diagnosis is wide, involving mammary cysts, fibroadenomas, phyllodes tumors, papillomas, hamartomas, and adenomas, among others. The fibroadenoma is the most common mammary neoplasia in patients under 35 years old, while the cysts are more frequent in the perimenopause. The differential diagnosis among solid or cystic nodules can be made through the fine-needle aspiration or by ultrasound, being therapeutic for the last ones. In this article, the differential diagnostic aspects will be revised between these tumors, as well as the new therapeutic approaches.
Views41This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Summary
Artigo de RevisãoBenign breast masses: a review on diagnosis and management
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2007;29(4):211-219
07-30-2007DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032007000400008
Views41See moreThe benign mammary tumors are responsible for up to 80% of the clinical masses. Its differential diagnosis is wide, involving mammary cysts, fibroadenomas, phyllodes tumors, papillomas, hamartomas, and adenomas, among others. The fibroadenoma is the most common mammary neoplasia in patients under 35 years old, while the cysts are more frequent in the perimenopause. The differential diagnosis among solid or cystic nodules can be made through the fine-needle aspiration or by ultrasound, being therapeutic for the last ones. In this article, the differential diagnostic aspects will be revised between these tumors, as well as the new therapeutic approaches.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
Artigo de Revisão
The sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer in the practice of the Brazilian gynecologist: a revision
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2007;29(3):158-164
06-21-2007
Summary
Artigo de RevisãoThe sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer in the practice of the Brazilian gynecologist: a revision
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2007;29(3):158-164
06-21-2007DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032007000300008
Views68See moreAxillary nodal metastasis is still the most important breast cancer prognostic factor. As in approximately 80% of the patients with tumors measuring less than 2 cm the axillary lymph nodes are negative, it has been proposed sentinel lymph node biopsy, reducing surgical morbidity in the patients with negative result. Recently, this technique has been widely used in Brazil, but there are two questions that need to be answered: what is the probability of a false-negative result (not diagnosing a positive lymph node) and if the understaging by false-negative result exposes the patient to the risk of axillary recurrence or even distant metastases, due to less effective surgical and adjuvant therapy. The literature shows that the false-negative rate varies from 5 to 10%, being the surgeon's experience the major factor that contributes to improved results. Although axillary relapse is rare, it is not yet possible to evaluate the long term effect of not removing positive lymph nodes, due to short follow-up. The recommendation is that sentinel lymph node biopsy should only be performed by surgeons with experience confirmed by a low false-negative rate.
Views68This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Summary
Artigo de RevisãoThe sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer in the practice of the Brazilian gynecologist: a revision
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2007;29(3):158-164
06-21-2007DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032007000300008
Views68See moreAxillary nodal metastasis is still the most important breast cancer prognostic factor. As in approximately 80% of the patients with tumors measuring less than 2 cm the axillary lymph nodes are negative, it has been proposed sentinel lymph node biopsy, reducing surgical morbidity in the patients with negative result. Recently, this technique has been widely used in Brazil, but there are two questions that need to be answered: what is the probability of a false-negative result (not diagnosing a positive lymph node) and if the understaging by false-negative result exposes the patient to the risk of axillary recurrence or even distant metastases, due to less effective surgical and adjuvant therapy. The literature shows that the false-negative rate varies from 5 to 10%, being the surgeon's experience the major factor that contributes to improved results. Although axillary relapse is rare, it is not yet possible to evaluate the long term effect of not removing positive lymph nodes, due to short follow-up. The recommendation is that sentinel lymph node biopsy should only be performed by surgeons with experience confirmed by a low false-negative rate.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
Trabalhos Originais
Frequency of performance and accuracy of breast self-examination in the detection of breast lumps in women who underwent mammographic examination
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1998;20(1):37-43
05-02-1998
Summary
Trabalhos OriginaisFrequency of performance and accuracy of breast self-examination in the detection of breast lumps in women who underwent mammographic examination
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1998;20(1):37-43
05-02-1998DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031998000100007
Views91See moreWe conducted a prospective cross-sectional study to evaluate the accuracy of the breast self-examination (BSE) in the detection of palpable breast lumps and the relation to its frequency of performance. Two thousand six hundred and seventy two women who have had a mammogram in a private clinic in Vale dos Sinos-RS between January 1994 and July 1997 were asked about BSE performance frequency. They were divided in two groups: group I (monthly), group II (almost never). The women who referred performing BSE on a occasional basis were excluded from the main analysis. The woman was asked wheter she or her physician had palpated something in her breasts. The patient's BSE findings were compared with those of her physician (based on the patients' report). The sensitivity of the BSE was higher in group I compared to group II (57.4% versus 33.3%; rho<0.05). We concluded that there is an association between frequency of performance and sensitivity of BSE to detect breast lumps.
Views91This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Summary
Trabalhos OriginaisFrequency of performance and accuracy of breast self-examination in the detection of breast lumps in women who underwent mammographic examination
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1998;20(1):37-43
05-02-1998DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031998000100007
Views91See moreWe conducted a prospective cross-sectional study to evaluate the accuracy of the breast self-examination (BSE) in the detection of palpable breast lumps and the relation to its frequency of performance. Two thousand six hundred and seventy two women who have had a mammogram in a private clinic in Vale dos Sinos-RS between January 1994 and July 1997 were asked about BSE performance frequency. They were divided in two groups: group I (monthly), group II (almost never). The women who referred performing BSE on a occasional basis were excluded from the main analysis. The woman was asked wheter she or her physician had palpated something in her breasts. The patient's BSE findings were compared with those of her physician (based on the patients' report). The sensitivity of the BSE was higher in group I compared to group II (57.4% versus 33.3%; rho<0.05). We concluded that there is an association between frequency of performance and sensitivity of BSE to detect breast lumps.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
Trabalhos Originais
Second-degree family history as a risk factor for breast cancer
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1998;20(8):469-473
04-05-1998
Summary
Trabalhos OriginaisSecond-degree family history as a risk factor for breast cancer
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1998;20(8):469-473
04-05-1998DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031998000800007
Views96See morePurpose: to evaluate the association between second-degree family history of breast cancer and the risk to develop the disease. Methods: case-control study of incident cases. Sixty-six incident breast cancer cases and 198 controls were selected among women who were submitted to mammography in a private clinic between January 1994 and July 1997. Cases and controls were paired regarding age, age at menarche, at first live birth, at menopause, parity, oral contraceptives and use of hormonal replacement therapy. Results: there was no significant difference between cases and controls regarding all risk factors evaluated, besides second-degree family history. Patients with breast cancer were more likely to have second-degree relatives with breast cancer when compared to controls (OR=2.77; 95% CI, 1.03-7.38; p=0.039). Conclusions: malignant neoplasm of the breast is significantly associated with a second-degree family history of this disease.
Views96This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Summary
Trabalhos OriginaisSecond-degree family history as a risk factor for breast cancer
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1998;20(8):469-473
04-05-1998DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031998000800007
Views96See morePurpose: to evaluate the association between second-degree family history of breast cancer and the risk to develop the disease. Methods: case-control study of incident cases. Sixty-six incident breast cancer cases and 198 controls were selected among women who were submitted to mammography in a private clinic between January 1994 and July 1997. Cases and controls were paired regarding age, age at menarche, at first live birth, at menopause, parity, oral contraceptives and use of hormonal replacement therapy. Results: there was no significant difference between cases and controls regarding all risk factors evaluated, besides second-degree family history. Patients with breast cancer were more likely to have second-degree relatives with breast cancer when compared to controls (OR=2.77; 95% CI, 1.03-7.38; p=0.039). Conclusions: malignant neoplasm of the breast is significantly associated with a second-degree family history of this disease.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
Artigos Originais
Approach of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast in three public hospitals in Belo Horizonte
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2006;28(12):721-727
03-19-2006
Summary
Artigos OriginaisApproach of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast in three public hospitals in Belo Horizonte
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2006;28(12):721-727
03-19-2006DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032006001200006
Views41PURPOSE: to evaluate the clinical, radiological therapeutic and anatomo-pathological aspects in a series of patients with breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), attended in three public hospitals in Belo Horizonte (MG). METHODS: 179 cases of DCIS, that were selected from all the patients who had been diagnosed with breast cancer between 1985 and 2000, were studied retrospectively. After reviewing all the tissue sections, it was possible to collect all the clinical data, mammogram and treatment information of 85 cases. RESULTS: most patients were not symptomatic and the diagnosis had been done by mammogram (68.2%), being the microcalcification the most common radiological alteration. There has been a progressive increase in the diagnosis of DCIS along the years, following the introduction of periodical mammographic screening. The initial histopathological diagnosis and the review agreed in 72.9% of cases. In three cases, the original diagnosis of DCIS was not confirmed, being classified as atypical hyperplasia. Mammogram microcalcifications were confirmed in the pathological analysis in 95.6% of cases. Half of the patients was treated with mastectomy. All lymph nodes from axillary dissection were negative for metastases. CONCLUSIONS: The present study is in agreement with the recent literature, which shows an increase in the diagnosis of DCIS since 1990. There has been a great interobserver variation since the initial pathological diagnosis, which tended to malignancy and the present review. There were a great number of radical treatments, such as mastectomy and axillary dissection, which would probably be replaced by conservative treatment and sentinel lymph node biopsy nowadays, according to recent knowledge.
Key-words Breast neoplasmsCarcinoma in situCarcinoma, ductal, breastCarcinoma, intraductal, noninfiltratingSee moreViews41This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Summary
Artigos OriginaisApproach of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast in three public hospitals in Belo Horizonte
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2006;28(12):721-727
03-19-2006DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032006001200006
Views41PURPOSE: to evaluate the clinical, radiological therapeutic and anatomo-pathological aspects in a series of patients with breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), attended in three public hospitals in Belo Horizonte (MG). METHODS: 179 cases of DCIS, that were selected from all the patients who had been diagnosed with breast cancer between 1985 and 2000, were studied retrospectively. After reviewing all the tissue sections, it was possible to collect all the clinical data, mammogram and treatment information of 85 cases. RESULTS: most patients were not symptomatic and the diagnosis had been done by mammogram (68.2%), being the microcalcification the most common radiological alteration. There has been a progressive increase in the diagnosis of DCIS along the years, following the introduction of periodical mammographic screening. The initial histopathological diagnosis and the review agreed in 72.9% of cases. In three cases, the original diagnosis of DCIS was not confirmed, being classified as atypical hyperplasia. Mammogram microcalcifications were confirmed in the pathological analysis in 95.6% of cases. Half of the patients was treated with mastectomy. All lymph nodes from axillary dissection were negative for metastases. CONCLUSIONS: The present study is in agreement with the recent literature, which shows an increase in the diagnosis of DCIS since 1990. There has been a great interobserver variation since the initial pathological diagnosis, which tended to malignancy and the present review. There were a great number of radical treatments, such as mastectomy and axillary dissection, which would probably be replaced by conservative treatment and sentinel lymph node biopsy nowadays, according to recent knowledge.
Key-words Breast neoplasmsCarcinoma in situCarcinoma, ductal, breastCarcinoma, intraductal, noninfiltratingSee moreThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
Relato de Caso
Anaphylactic reaction to patent blue dye during sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast cancer: a case report
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2006;28(12):728-732
03-19-2006
Summary
Relato de CasoAnaphylactic reaction to patent blue dye during sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast cancer: a case report
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2006;28(12):728-732
03-19-2006DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032006001200007
Views96Sentinel lymph node biopsy in the treatment of breast cancer has been replacing lymph node resection in early cases. This treatment may be performed with blue dye and/or radiopharmaceuticals. There are reports of allergic reactions to blue dye with different degrees of severity. A case of severe anaphylactic reaction after intradermal injection of patent blue dye was reported in a patient diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ. The patent blue dye facilitates the detection of the sentinel lymph node, but there is the risk of triggering anaphylactic reactions. It is recommended the team involved to be very knowledgeable and prepared to diganose and treat this complication.
Key-words AnaphylaxisBreast neoplasmsCarcinoma, intraductal, noninfiltratingCase reportsColoring agentsHypersensitivitySentinel lymph node biopsySee moreViews96This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Summary
Relato de CasoAnaphylactic reaction to patent blue dye during sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast cancer: a case report
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2006;28(12):728-732
03-19-2006DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032006001200007
Views96Sentinel lymph node biopsy in the treatment of breast cancer has been replacing lymph node resection in early cases. This treatment may be performed with blue dye and/or radiopharmaceuticals. There are reports of allergic reactions to blue dye with different degrees of severity. A case of severe anaphylactic reaction after intradermal injection of patent blue dye was reported in a patient diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ. The patent blue dye facilitates the detection of the sentinel lymph node, but there is the risk of triggering anaphylactic reactions. It is recommended the team involved to be very knowledgeable and prepared to diganose and treat this complication.
Key-words AnaphylaxisBreast neoplasmsCarcinoma, intraductal, noninfiltratingCase reportsColoring agentsHypersensitivitySentinel lymph node biopsySee moreThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Breast neoplasms Archives - Page 2 of 11 - Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
