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Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 1998;20(6):315-321
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031998000600004
The objective was to evaluate the accuracy of the foam stability test, lecithin/sphingomyelin (LS) ratio, presence of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and lung profile (L/S ratio > 1.7 and PG present simultaneously) in 121 consecutive high-risk gestations at the São Paulo Hospital from January 1990 to January 1995. Delivery occurred within 3 days of fetal lung maturation testing. This is a prospective study in which the sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of all the tests were determined. Neonatal respiratory outcome and amniocentesis results were stratified by gestational age for comparison. The distribution of the studied population according to maternal pathology was diabetes mellitus (48), hypertensive disorders (41), Rh isoimmunization (14) and miscellaneous (18). Respiratory distress (RD) was present in 33 infants (27.2%), mainly in the diabetic group. There was no false negative using lung profile (all patients) and foam stability tests among hypertensive pregnancies (specificity 100%), but there were about 20% to 50% false positives in the other tests. Overall, all four tests had a low PPV: 23% for foam test, 51% for L/S ratio, 63% for PG, 61% for lung profile, and high NPV: 92% for foam test, 88% for L/S ratio, 89% for PG and 100% for lung profile. All tests had less accuracy in the diabetic pregnant women. This study shows that the presence of PG and L/S ratio > 1.7 in the amniotic fluid of high-risk pregnancies confirms maturity with a very low risk to develop RD and that the foam stability test was useful as a first-line test to predict the absence of surfactant-deficient respiratory distress syndrome, particularly in hypertensive pregnant women.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 1998;20(6):315-321
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031998000600004
The objective was to evaluate the accuracy of the foam stability test, lecithin/sphingomyelin (LS) ratio, presence of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and lung profile (L/S ratio > 1.7 and PG present simultaneously) in 121 consecutive high-risk gestations at the São Paulo Hospital from January 1990 to January 1995. Delivery occurred within 3 days of fetal lung maturation testing. This is a prospective study in which the sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of all the tests were determined. Neonatal respiratory outcome and amniocentesis results were stratified by gestational age for comparison. The distribution of the studied population according to maternal pathology was diabetes mellitus (48), hypertensive disorders (41), Rh isoimmunization (14) and miscellaneous (18). Respiratory distress (RD) was present in 33 infants (27.2%), mainly in the diabetic group. There was no false negative using lung profile (all patients) and foam stability tests among hypertensive pregnancies (specificity 100%), but there were about 20% to 50% false positives in the other tests. Overall, all four tests had a low PPV: 23% for foam test, 51% for L/S ratio, 63% for PG, 61% for lung profile, and high NPV: 92% for foam test, 88% for L/S ratio, 89% for PG and 100% for lung profile. All tests had less accuracy in the diabetic pregnant women. This study shows that the presence of PG and L/S ratio > 1.7 in the amniotic fluid of high-risk pregnancies confirms maturity with a very low risk to develop RD and that the foam stability test was useful as a first-line test to predict the absence of surfactant-deficient respiratory distress syndrome, particularly in hypertensive pregnant women.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2005;27(8):461-466
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032005000800005
PURPOSE: to compare the effectiveness of glibenclamide and acarbose with that of insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), in regard to maternal glucose levels, newborn (NB) weight and neonatal hypoglycemia. METHODS: an open, randomized prospective study was carried out. Fifty-seven patients diagnosed with GDM were included. These patients required dietary control and additional therapy. Pregnant women were randomly alloted to one of three groups with different therapies: a control group making use of insulin therapy, a study group making use of glibenclamide and a study group making use of acarbose. The study took seven months (from October 1st 2003 to May 1st 2004). Assessed outcomes were maternal glucose levels in the prenatal period, the need for replacing therapy to achieve glucose level control, NB weight and neonatal hypoglycemia. Statistical analysis was determined by ANOVA with the level of significance set at 5%. RESULTS: maternal characteristics were similar in all the three groups. Glucose level control was not obtained in three of the patients who used glibenclamide (15%) and in seven (38.8%) of the patients who used acarbose. Regarding fasting and postprandial glucose level rates and average NB weight no difference between the three groups was observed. No statistical difference was found for fasting or postprandial glucose levels and average NB weight in any of the three groups. The rate of large for gestational age fetuses was 5.2, 31.5 and 11.1% for the groups treated with insulin, glibenclamide and acarbose, respectively. Neonatal hypoglycemia was observed in six NB. Four of these were from the glibenclamide group (21.0%). CONCLUSIONS: glibenclamide was more effective for glucose level control than acarbose but neither were more efficient than insulin. NB children whose mothers had been alloted to the glibenclamide group showed a higher rate of macrosomia and neonatal hypoglycemia when compared to those newborns whose mothers were subjected to other therapies.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2005;27(8):461-466
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032005000800005
PURPOSE: to compare the effectiveness of glibenclamide and acarbose with that of insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), in regard to maternal glucose levels, newborn (NB) weight and neonatal hypoglycemia. METHODS: an open, randomized prospective study was carried out. Fifty-seven patients diagnosed with GDM were included. These patients required dietary control and additional therapy. Pregnant women were randomly alloted to one of three groups with different therapies: a control group making use of insulin therapy, a study group making use of glibenclamide and a study group making use of acarbose. The study took seven months (from October 1st 2003 to May 1st 2004). Assessed outcomes were maternal glucose levels in the prenatal period, the need for replacing therapy to achieve glucose level control, NB weight and neonatal hypoglycemia. Statistical analysis was determined by ANOVA with the level of significance set at 5%. RESULTS: maternal characteristics were similar in all the three groups. Glucose level control was not obtained in three of the patients who used glibenclamide (15%) and in seven (38.8%) of the patients who used acarbose. Regarding fasting and postprandial glucose level rates and average NB weight no difference between the three groups was observed. No statistical difference was found for fasting or postprandial glucose levels and average NB weight in any of the three groups. The rate of large for gestational age fetuses was 5.2, 31.5 and 11.1% for the groups treated with insulin, glibenclamide and acarbose, respectively. Neonatal hypoglycemia was observed in six NB. Four of these were from the glibenclamide group (21.0%). CONCLUSIONS: glibenclamide was more effective for glucose level control than acarbose but neither were more efficient than insulin. NB children whose mothers had been alloted to the glibenclamide group showed a higher rate of macrosomia and neonatal hypoglycemia when compared to those newborns whose mothers were subjected to other therapies.