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Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2005;27(3):112-117
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032005000300003
PURPOSE: to evaluate the influence of previous hormonal therapy (HT) on breast cancer prognostic markers in postmenopausal women. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out, applying questionnaires and medical record surveys of 157 postmenopausal patients with breast cancer diagnosis. Clinical data, personal and familiar history, HT use, and mammograms were investigated. The medical record surveys yielded information about tumor size, imunohistochemical data, and type of surgery. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and the chi2 test. RESULTS: 38.2% of the patients were HT ex-users and 61.8% were non-users. Mean time of HT use was 3.7±3.6 years. HT ex-users were younger and with a shorter menopause time than non-users (p<0.05). 26.8% of the patients reported previous cases of breast cancer in their families, with no difference between the groups. Of the HT ex-users, 43.3% had previous mammograms, while of the non-users, only 11.3% (p<0.001). Mean tumor size was smaller in HT ex-users (2.3±1.1 cm) than in non-users (3.3±1.5cm) (p<0.001). The conservative surgeries (quadrantectomies) were predominant in HT ex-users (60%) when compared to non-users (32%) (p<0.001). The immunohistochemical study showed, a positive correlation between the presence of positive estrogen and progesterone receptors and the HT use (p<0.001). There was no correlation between HT and c-erbB-2 and p53. CONCLUSION: postmenopausal women who used hormonal therapy previously to breast cancer diagnosis presented indication of a better prognosis when compared to non-users.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2005;27(3):112-117
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032005000300003
PURPOSE: to evaluate the influence of previous hormonal therapy (HT) on breast cancer prognostic markers in postmenopausal women. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out, applying questionnaires and medical record surveys of 157 postmenopausal patients with breast cancer diagnosis. Clinical data, personal and familiar history, HT use, and mammograms were investigated. The medical record surveys yielded information about tumor size, imunohistochemical data, and type of surgery. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and the chi2 test. RESULTS: 38.2% of the patients were HT ex-users and 61.8% were non-users. Mean time of HT use was 3.7±3.6 years. HT ex-users were younger and with a shorter menopause time than non-users (p<0.05). 26.8% of the patients reported previous cases of breast cancer in their families, with no difference between the groups. Of the HT ex-users, 43.3% had previous mammograms, while of the non-users, only 11.3% (p<0.001). Mean tumor size was smaller in HT ex-users (2.3±1.1 cm) than in non-users (3.3±1.5cm) (p<0.001). The conservative surgeries (quadrantectomies) were predominant in HT ex-users (60%) when compared to non-users (32%) (p<0.001). The immunohistochemical study showed, a positive correlation between the presence of positive estrogen and progesterone receptors and the HT use (p<0.001). There was no correlation between HT and c-erbB-2 and p53. CONCLUSION: postmenopausal women who used hormonal therapy previously to breast cancer diagnosis presented indication of a better prognosis when compared to non-users.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2011;33(3):133-138
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032011000300006
PURPOSE: to evaluate the quality of life of patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia followed-up at outpatient clinics specialized in osteoporosis and climacterium and to compare it to that of patients with normal bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS: cross-sectional case series, observational study, which intended to analyze the quality of life of women with osteopenia and osteoporosis by the Medical Outcomes Study 36 Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire. We evaluated 124 postmenopausal women divided into three groups: 55 patients with a densitometric diagnosis of osteoporosis, 35 with osteopenia and 34 who presented a normal BMD. The three groups were compared in terms of demographic data, clinical and life style characteristics and the different domains of SF-36. RESULTS: patients from the osteopenia and normal BMD groups presented lower age (56.7±7.1 and 52.9±5.4 years), greater body mass index (BMI) (28.6±3.7 and 30.9±5.1 kg/m²) and shorter time since menopause (8.4±5.9 and 5.8±4.5 years) than those from the osteoporosis group (61.8±10.1 years, BMI of 25.7±5.3 kg/m², 15.5±7.5 years, respectively; p<0.05). According to SF-36, there was no significant difference between groups concerning the domains, except for the vitality domain, which was found to be superior in the osteoporosis group. Regarding the personal impression about their health, a greater percentage of the patients who considered it to be good was from the osteoporosis group and, of the patients who considered it bad, a smaller percentage belonged to the osteopenia group. CONCLUSION: the quality of life was similar in women with osteoporosis and osteopenia when compared to women with normal BMD, except for the vitality domain, which, paradoxically, was superior in patients with osteoporosis.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2011;33(3):133-138
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032011000300006
PURPOSE: to evaluate the quality of life of patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia followed-up at outpatient clinics specialized in osteoporosis and climacterium and to compare it to that of patients with normal bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS: cross-sectional case series, observational study, which intended to analyze the quality of life of women with osteopenia and osteoporosis by the Medical Outcomes Study 36 Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire. We evaluated 124 postmenopausal women divided into three groups: 55 patients with a densitometric diagnosis of osteoporosis, 35 with osteopenia and 34 who presented a normal BMD. The three groups were compared in terms of demographic data, clinical and life style characteristics and the different domains of SF-36. RESULTS: patients from the osteopenia and normal BMD groups presented lower age (56.7±7.1 and 52.9±5.4 years), greater body mass index (BMI) (28.6±3.7 and 30.9±5.1 kg/m²) and shorter time since menopause (8.4±5.9 and 5.8±4.5 years) than those from the osteoporosis group (61.8±10.1 years, BMI of 25.7±5.3 kg/m², 15.5±7.5 years, respectively; p<0.05). According to SF-36, there was no significant difference between groups concerning the domains, except for the vitality domain, which was found to be superior in the osteoporosis group. Regarding the personal impression about their health, a greater percentage of the patients who considered it to be good was from the osteoporosis group and, of the patients who considered it bad, a smaller percentage belonged to the osteopenia group. CONCLUSION: the quality of life was similar in women with osteoporosis and osteopenia when compared to women with normal BMD, except for the vitality domain, which, paradoxically, was superior in patients with osteoporosis.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2008;30(4):182-189
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032008000400005
PURPOSE: to evaluate the anthropometric measures as predictors of cardiovascular and metabolic risk in non-transmissible chronic diseases in postmenopausal women. METHODS: a clinical and sectional study enrolling 120 sedentary postmenopausal women (amenorrhea for at least 12 months, age 45 to 70 years was conducted). Exclusion criteria included insulin-dependent diabetes and use of statins or hormone therapy within the preceding six months. Anthropometric indicators included: weight, height, body mass index (BMI=weight/height²), and waist circumference (WC). Metabolic profiles as total cholesterol (TC), HDL, LDL, triglycerides (TG), glycemia, and insulin were measured and the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Odds Ratio (OR) were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: subjects were classified on average as overweight and showed central fat distribution. Overweight and obesity were observed in 76% and abdominal obesity in 87.3% of the patients. On average, TC, LDL and TG levels were higher than recommended in 67.8, 55.9 and 45.8% of the women, respectively, and HDL was low in 40.7%. Values of WC >88 cm were observed in 14.8% of women with normal weight, 62.5% overweight and 100% obesity p>0.05). On average, the values of AIP, TG, and HOMA-IR increased significantly along with values of BMI and WC, while decreased HDL (p<0.05). Among women with WC >88 cm, a risk association was observed with low HDL (OR=5.86; 95%CI=2.31-14.82), with higher TG (OR=2.61; 95%CI=1.18-5.78), with higher AIP (OR=3.42; 95%CI=1.19-9.78) and with IR (OR=3.63; 95%CI=1.27-10.36). There was a risk of low HDL (OR=3.1; 95%CI=1.44-6.85) with increased obesity (BMI>30 kg/m²). CONCLUSIONS: in the postmenopausal women, the simple measure of WC can predict cardiovascular and metabolic risk of non-transmissible chronic diseases.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2008;30(4):182-189
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032008000400005
PURPOSE: to evaluate the anthropometric measures as predictors of cardiovascular and metabolic risk in non-transmissible chronic diseases in postmenopausal women. METHODS: a clinical and sectional study enrolling 120 sedentary postmenopausal women (amenorrhea for at least 12 months, age 45 to 70 years was conducted). Exclusion criteria included insulin-dependent diabetes and use of statins or hormone therapy within the preceding six months. Anthropometric indicators included: weight, height, body mass index (BMI=weight/height²), and waist circumference (WC). Metabolic profiles as total cholesterol (TC), HDL, LDL, triglycerides (TG), glycemia, and insulin were measured and the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Odds Ratio (OR) were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: subjects were classified on average as overweight and showed central fat distribution. Overweight and obesity were observed in 76% and abdominal obesity in 87.3% of the patients. On average, TC, LDL and TG levels were higher than recommended in 67.8, 55.9 and 45.8% of the women, respectively, and HDL was low in 40.7%. Values of WC >88 cm were observed in 14.8% of women with normal weight, 62.5% overweight and 100% obesity p>0.05). On average, the values of AIP, TG, and HOMA-IR increased significantly along with values of BMI and WC, while decreased HDL (p<0.05). Among women with WC >88 cm, a risk association was observed with low HDL (OR=5.86; 95%CI=2.31-14.82), with higher TG (OR=2.61; 95%CI=1.18-5.78), with higher AIP (OR=3.42; 95%CI=1.19-9.78) and with IR (OR=3.63; 95%CI=1.27-10.36). There was a risk of low HDL (OR=3.1; 95%CI=1.44-6.85) with increased obesity (BMI>30 kg/m²). CONCLUSIONS: in the postmenopausal women, the simple measure of WC can predict cardiovascular and metabolic risk of non-transmissible chronic diseases.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(4):196-202
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000400007
PURPOSE: to evaluate the quality of life of post-menopause women, users and non-users of hormonal therapy (HT), in a Healthcare Unit in Franca, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: a clinical transversal study, carried out with 250 post-menopausal women, with ages from 45 to 70 years old, attended to in Healthcare Units, from September 2007 to August 2008. Participants were divided into two groups: HT users (n=70) and non-users (n=180). Women making continuous HT use for at least six months were considered as users. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics have been evaluated. Blatt-Kupperman's menopausal index has been applied to assess climacteric symptoms, and the Women's Health Questionnaire (WHQ), to assess their quality of life. Fisher's exact test or χ2 and Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis's tests have been used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: no significant difference has been found in the comparison of groups, concerning age, menarche, menopause, parity and body mass index. It has been seen that 67.2% of the women were married, 83.2% had attended primary school and 53.2% were housewives, with no difference between the groups. HT users reported lower frequency of climacteric symptoms (BKMI) with moderate and marked intensity, as compared to non-users (p<0.001). Even though HT users presented lower average score in cognitive deficit (p<0.001), vasomotor symptoms (p=0.04), sleeping problems (p<0.001), attractiveness (p=0.02) from the WHQ, there has been no difference in the total score, as compared to non-users. CONCLUSIONS: post-menopausal women, HT users and non-users, admitted at Healthcare Units, have not presented differences in global quality of life.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(4):196-202
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000400007
PURPOSE: to evaluate the quality of life of post-menopause women, users and non-users of hormonal therapy (HT), in a Healthcare Unit in Franca, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: a clinical transversal study, carried out with 250 post-menopausal women, with ages from 45 to 70 years old, attended to in Healthcare Units, from September 2007 to August 2008. Participants were divided into two groups: HT users (n=70) and non-users (n=180). Women making continuous HT use for at least six months were considered as users. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics have been evaluated. Blatt-Kupperman's menopausal index has been applied to assess climacteric symptoms, and the Women's Health Questionnaire (WHQ), to assess their quality of life. Fisher's exact test or χ2 and Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis's tests have been used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: no significant difference has been found in the comparison of groups, concerning age, menarche, menopause, parity and body mass index. It has been seen that 67.2% of the women were married, 83.2% had attended primary school and 53.2% were housewives, with no difference between the groups. HT users reported lower frequency of climacteric symptoms (BKMI) with moderate and marked intensity, as compared to non-users (p<0.001). Even though HT users presented lower average score in cognitive deficit (p<0.001), vasomotor symptoms (p=0.04), sleeping problems (p<0.001), attractiveness (p=0.02) from the WHQ, there has been no difference in the total score, as compared to non-users. CONCLUSIONS: post-menopausal women, HT users and non-users, admitted at Healthcare Units, have not presented differences in global quality of life.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2016;38(5):225-230
Proper physical activity is related to the prevention and the treatment of osteoporosis.
To assess the level of physical activity (PA) in post-menopausal women with low bone mineral density ( BMD ).
This cross-sectional clinical study included 123 post-menopausal women. The inclusion criteria were: age of 45 years with last menses at least 12 months prior to the initiation of the study, and bone density scan (BDS) values measured over the preceding 12 months. Women with severe osteoarthritis were excluded. Women were allocated into three groups, according to BMD measured by BDS [osteoporosis (OP; 54 women), osteopenia (35 women), and normal bone density (NBD; 35 women)], and compared for general, clinical, and anthropometric data, and for PA level. The latter was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), in metabolic equivalent of task (MET) units. Participants were classified as sedentary, active or very active. Quantitative variables were compared using ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. Associations between qualitative variables were tested by Chi-square (χ2) or Fisher's exact test. In order to check for differences among groups and IPAQ domains, a generalized linear model with Gamma distribution was adjusted for values in METs.
The OP group differed from the NBD group regarding age (61.8 10.1 and 52.9 5.4 years), percentage of participants with self-declared white ethnicity (43.9 and 28.0%), body mass index (BMI - 25.7 5.4 and 30.9 5.1 kg/m2), and time since menopause (15.5 7.5 and 5.8 4.5 years). Smoking rates were higher in the OP (55.6%) and NBD groups (33.3%) than in the osteopenia group (11.1%). Within the OP group, the rate of subjects with sedentary lifestyles was higher (42.6%), and time spent sitting was greater (344.3 204.8 METs) than in the groups with osteopenia (20.0 % and 300.9 230.6 METs) and NBD (17.7% and 303.2 187.9 METs).
The rate of sedentary lifestyles was higher in post-menopausal women with OP than in those with either osteopenia or NBD. In order to change this physical inactivity profile, strategies should be created to address this group of patients.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2016;38(5):225-230
Proper physical activity is related to the prevention and the treatment of osteoporosis.
To assess the level of physical activity (PA) in post-menopausal women with low bone mineral density ( BMD ).
This cross-sectional clinical study included 123 post-menopausal women. The inclusion criteria were: age of 45 years with last menses at least 12 months prior to the initiation of the study, and bone density scan (BDS) values measured over the preceding 12 months. Women with severe osteoarthritis were excluded. Women were allocated into three groups, according to BMD measured by BDS [osteoporosis (OP; 54 women), osteopenia (35 women), and normal bone density (NBD; 35 women)], and compared for general, clinical, and anthropometric data, and for PA level. The latter was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), in metabolic equivalent of task (MET) units. Participants were classified as sedentary, active or very active. Quantitative variables were compared using ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. Associations between qualitative variables were tested by Chi-square (χ2) or Fisher's exact test. In order to check for differences among groups and IPAQ domains, a generalized linear model with Gamma distribution was adjusted for values in METs.
The OP group differed from the NBD group regarding age (61.8 10.1 and 52.9 5.4 years), percentage of participants with self-declared white ethnicity (43.9 and 28.0%), body mass index (BMI - 25.7 5.4 and 30.9 5.1 kg/m2), and time since menopause (15.5 7.5 and 5.8 4.5 years). Smoking rates were higher in the OP (55.6%) and NBD groups (33.3%) than in the osteopenia group (11.1%). Within the OP group, the rate of subjects with sedentary lifestyles was higher (42.6%), and time spent sitting was greater (344.3 204.8 METs) than in the groups with osteopenia (20.0 % and 300.9 230.6 METs) and NBD (17.7% and 303.2 187.9 METs).
The rate of sedentary lifestyles was higher in post-menopausal women with OP than in those with either osteopenia or NBD. In order to change this physical inactivity profile, strategies should be created to address this group of patients.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2011;33(6):295-302
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032011000600006
PURPOSE: To evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) and their risk factors associated with postmenopausal osteoporosis. METHODS: A cross-sectional clinical study was performed on 431 women (aged 40 - 75 years). Inclusion criteria: amenorrhea >12 months and age >45 years or, bilateral oophorectomy >40 years with BMD values (T-score of lumbar spine/femur neck) by DXA of the last 12 months. Risk factors evaluated: age, age and time of menopause, smoking, physical activity (30 min/5 times/week), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), use of corticotherapy and hormone therapy (HT), previous fracture, maternal hip fracture and body mass index (BMI=weight/height²). The χ2 test and the logistic regression method (Odds Ratio - OR) were used to determine osteoporosis risk. RESULTS: According to WHO criteria, 106 (24.6%) women showed osteoporosis (T-score <-2.5 DP), 188 (43.6%) osteopenia (-1.0/-2.4 DP), and 137 (31.8%) were normal (>-1.0 DP). Osteoporosis was detected in 12% of women aged 40 - 49 years, in 21.8% of women aged 50 - 59 years and in 45.7% of women aged >60 years (p<0.001). Osteoporosis occurred in 11.8% of women with a menopause period <5 years, in 29.4% with a menopause period from 6 to 10 years, and in 41% of women with a menopause period >10 years (p<0.001). Of the women with early menopause, 80% showed osteopenia/osteoporosis (p=0.03), and of those with BMI <20 kg/m², 50% were osteoporotic (p<0.001). The risk for osteoporosis detection increased with age (OR=1.1; CI95%=1.0-1.1), time of menopause (OR=1.1; CI95%=1.0-1.1), smoking (OR=1.9; CI95%=1.2-3.2), RA (OR=3.6; CI95%=1.3-9.6) and maternal fracture history (OR=2.1; CI95%=1.1-3.0) (p<0.05). In contrast, HT use (OR=0.3; 95%CI=0.2-0.6) and high BMI (OR=0.9; 95%CI=0.8-0.9) reduced the risk (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In postmenopausal women, age, time of menopause, smoking and maternal history of fracture were clinical indicators of risk for osteoporosis, whereas HT use and high BMI proved to be protective factors.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2011;33(6):295-302
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032011000600006
PURPOSE: To evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) and their risk factors associated with postmenopausal osteoporosis. METHODS: A cross-sectional clinical study was performed on 431 women (aged 40 - 75 years). Inclusion criteria: amenorrhea >12 months and age >45 years or, bilateral oophorectomy >40 years with BMD values (T-score of lumbar spine/femur neck) by DXA of the last 12 months. Risk factors evaluated: age, age and time of menopause, smoking, physical activity (30 min/5 times/week), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), use of corticotherapy and hormone therapy (HT), previous fracture, maternal hip fracture and body mass index (BMI=weight/height²). The χ2 test and the logistic regression method (Odds Ratio - OR) were used to determine osteoporosis risk. RESULTS: According to WHO criteria, 106 (24.6%) women showed osteoporosis (T-score <-2.5 DP), 188 (43.6%) osteopenia (-1.0/-2.4 DP), and 137 (31.8%) were normal (>-1.0 DP). Osteoporosis was detected in 12% of women aged 40 - 49 years, in 21.8% of women aged 50 - 59 years and in 45.7% of women aged >60 years (p<0.001). Osteoporosis occurred in 11.8% of women with a menopause period <5 years, in 29.4% with a menopause period from 6 to 10 years, and in 41% of women with a menopause period >10 years (p<0.001). Of the women with early menopause, 80% showed osteopenia/osteoporosis (p=0.03), and of those with BMI <20 kg/m², 50% were osteoporotic (p<0.001). The risk for osteoporosis detection increased with age (OR=1.1; CI95%=1.0-1.1), time of menopause (OR=1.1; CI95%=1.0-1.1), smoking (OR=1.9; CI95%=1.2-3.2), RA (OR=3.6; CI95%=1.3-9.6) and maternal fracture history (OR=2.1; CI95%=1.1-3.0) (p<0.05). In contrast, HT use (OR=0.3; 95%CI=0.2-0.6) and high BMI (OR=0.9; 95%CI=0.8-0.9) reduced the risk (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In postmenopausal women, age, time of menopause, smoking and maternal history of fracture were clinical indicators of risk for osteoporosis, whereas HT use and high BMI proved to be protective factors.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2015;37(1):30-35
DOI 10.1590/SO100-720320140005134
To evaluate the prevalence of low bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors.
In this cross-sectional study, 115 breast cancer survivors, seeking healthcare at a University Hospital in Brazil, were evaluated. Eligibility criteria included women with amenorrhea ≥12 months and age ≥45 years, treated for breast cancer and metastasis-free for at least five years. BMD was measured by DEXA at the lumbar spine (L1-L4) and femoral neck. Low BMD was considered when total-spine and/or femoral-neck T-score values were <-1.0 Delphi Score (DP) (osteopenia and osteoporosis). The risk factors for low BMD were assessed by interview. Data were analyzed statistically by the χ2 test and Fisher's exact test.
The mean age of breast cancer survivors was 61.6±10.1 years and time since menopause was 14.2±5.6 years, with a mean follow-up of 10.1±3.9 years. Considering spine and femoral neck, 60% of breast cancer survivors had low BMD. By evaluating the risk factors for low BMD, a significant difference was found in the percent distribution for age (higher % of women >50 years with low BMD), personal history of previous fracture (11.6% with low BMD versus 0% with normal BMD) and BMI. A higher frequency of obesity was observed among women with normal BMD (63%) compared to those with low BMD (26.1%) (p<0.05).
Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors had a high prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2015;37(1):30-35
DOI 10.1590/SO100-720320140005134
To evaluate the prevalence of low bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors.
In this cross-sectional study, 115 breast cancer survivors, seeking healthcare at a University Hospital in Brazil, were evaluated. Eligibility criteria included women with amenorrhea ≥12 months and age ≥45 years, treated for breast cancer and metastasis-free for at least five years. BMD was measured by DEXA at the lumbar spine (L1-L4) and femoral neck. Low BMD was considered when total-spine and/or femoral-neck T-score values were <-1.0 Delphi Score (DP) (osteopenia and osteoporosis). The risk factors for low BMD were assessed by interview. Data were analyzed statistically by the χ2 test and Fisher's exact test.
The mean age of breast cancer survivors was 61.6±10.1 years and time since menopause was 14.2±5.6 years, with a mean follow-up of 10.1±3.9 years. Considering spine and femoral neck, 60% of breast cancer survivors had low BMD. By evaluating the risk factors for low BMD, a significant difference was found in the percent distribution for age (higher % of women >50 years with low BMD), personal history of previous fracture (11.6% with low BMD versus 0% with normal BMD) and BMI. A higher frequency of obesity was observed among women with normal BMD (63%) compared to those with low BMD (26.1%) (p<0.05).
Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors had a high prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2005;27(8):467-472
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032005000800006
PURPOSE: to evaluate the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism and its effects on lipidic profile and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. METHODS: a cross-sectional study with survey of data from medical records of patients attended at a climacteric outpatient clinic. Inclusion criteria: postmenopausal women with measured thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxin (T4-L). Exclusion criteria: hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer. Values of TSH >5.0 mIU/ml and normal T4-L were considered to be subclinical hypothyroidism. The 329 selected women (55.2±6.4 years) were divided into three groups: normal thyroid function (control) (n=208), subclinical hypothyroidism (n=53) and clinical hypothyroidism under treatment (n=59). Clinical data, hormonal therapy use, body mass index (BMI=kg/m²), lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides) and BMD of lumbar column and femur were obtained. RESULTS: subclinical hypothyroidism was diagnosed in 16.1% of the cases. The groups were homogeneous regarding clinical features, BMI or lipidic profile. BMD in lumbar column and femur was lower in subclinical and clinical hypothyroidism than in euthyroidism (p<0.001). There was a negative correlation between values of TSH and BMD of lumbar column and femur (p<0.001). There was no correlation between TSH values and age, menopause time, BMI, and lipid profile. The total of hormonal therapy users was 65.1%, mean duration of 3.43±2.42 years, not differing between the groups. CONCLUSION: subclinical hypothyroidism with prevalence of 16.1% in postmenopausal women was associated with lower BMD, with no effects on lipid profile.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2005;27(8):467-472
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032005000800006
PURPOSE: to evaluate the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism and its effects on lipidic profile and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. METHODS: a cross-sectional study with survey of data from medical records of patients attended at a climacteric outpatient clinic. Inclusion criteria: postmenopausal women with measured thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxin (T4-L). Exclusion criteria: hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer. Values of TSH >5.0 mIU/ml and normal T4-L were considered to be subclinical hypothyroidism. The 329 selected women (55.2±6.4 years) were divided into three groups: normal thyroid function (control) (n=208), subclinical hypothyroidism (n=53) and clinical hypothyroidism under treatment (n=59). Clinical data, hormonal therapy use, body mass index (BMI=kg/m²), lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides) and BMD of lumbar column and femur were obtained. RESULTS: subclinical hypothyroidism was diagnosed in 16.1% of the cases. The groups were homogeneous regarding clinical features, BMI or lipidic profile. BMD in lumbar column and femur was lower in subclinical and clinical hypothyroidism than in euthyroidism (p<0.001). There was a negative correlation between values of TSH and BMD of lumbar column and femur (p<0.001). There was no correlation between TSH values and age, menopause time, BMI, and lipid profile. The total of hormonal therapy users was 65.1%, mean duration of 3.43±2.42 years, not differing between the groups. CONCLUSION: subclinical hypothyroidism with prevalence of 16.1% in postmenopausal women was associated with lower BMD, with no effects on lipid profile.