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Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2003;25(2):123-128
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000200008
PURPOSE: to analyze obstetrical and perinatal data in 26 cases of meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). METHODS: a retrospective review was performed in 26 newborn records diagnosed with meconium aspiration syndrome. Patients were studied emphasizing average days in neonatal intensive care unit and main maternal findings and neonatal complications, correlating them with each other. RESULTS: Eighteen babies were delivered at GH-CSUF and eight out of this hospital. At this time 3,976 deliveries occurred at GH-CSUF, with an incidence of MAS of 0.45%. Nine of 18 babies were born by vaginal delivery; weight was >2,500 g in 16 cases. One-minute Apgar score was >7 in three cases (16.7%), between 4 and 6 in seven cases (38.9%), and between 0 and 3, in eight cases (44.4%). At 5 minutes, seven babies remained <7. Anoxia was the main neonatal complication (36%). The mortality rate was 7.7% and the average hospital stay was 19.9 days. CONCLUSION: MAS is a very important neonatal pathology correlated with high neonatal mortality rates, thick meconium in at least half of the cases, and with a majority of depressed newborns at delivery.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2003;25(2):123-128
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000200008
PURPOSE: to analyze obstetrical and perinatal data in 26 cases of meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). METHODS: a retrospective review was performed in 26 newborn records diagnosed with meconium aspiration syndrome. Patients were studied emphasizing average days in neonatal intensive care unit and main maternal findings and neonatal complications, correlating them with each other. RESULTS: Eighteen babies were delivered at GH-CSUF and eight out of this hospital. At this time 3,976 deliveries occurred at GH-CSUF, with an incidence of MAS of 0.45%. Nine of 18 babies were born by vaginal delivery; weight was >2,500 g in 16 cases. One-minute Apgar score was >7 in three cases (16.7%), between 4 and 6 in seven cases (38.9%), and between 0 and 3, in eight cases (44.4%). At 5 minutes, seven babies remained <7. Anoxia was the main neonatal complication (36%). The mortality rate was 7.7% and the average hospital stay was 19.9 days. CONCLUSION: MAS is a very important neonatal pathology correlated with high neonatal mortality rates, thick meconium in at least half of the cases, and with a majority of depressed newborns at delivery.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1999;21(3):141-146
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031999000300004
Purpose: to study fetal oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels during labor by continuous pulse oximetry tecnique, and its relation to umbilical artery (UA) pH. Patients and Methods: fetal SpO2 levels were measured during labor by the pulse oximetry technique in 50 subjects. Average values of SpO2 were compared between the first and second stage of labor, with the first stage further subdivided into phases, according to cervical dilatation of (<=4 cm, 5-7 cm and 8-9 cm). SpO2 values were studied in relation to umbilical artery pH at birth ( > or = 7.20 and <7.20). SpO2 > or = 30.0% was considered normal. Results: fetal SpO2 averages during the first stage were 53.0 ± 7.3% and 44.2 ± 6.8% (UA pH > or = 7.20 and <7.20, respectively; p<0.01). When the first stage was subdivided, the fetal SpO2 averages (UA pH > or = 7.20) were 55.1 ± 5.1% (<=4 cm), 52.3 ± 4.6% (5-7 cm) and 51.5 ± 7.2% (8-9 cm); for UA pH <7.20, the fetal SpO2 averages were 46.3 ± 5.1% (<=4 cm), 43.6 ± 6.7% (5-7 cm) and 42.8 ± 5.8% (8-9 cm). Considering the UA pH, these differences were statistically significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: a significant decrease of oxygen saturation values was observed during labor when fetal pulse oximetry was used.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1999;21(3):141-146
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031999000300004
Purpose: to study fetal oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels during labor by continuous pulse oximetry tecnique, and its relation to umbilical artery (UA) pH. Patients and Methods: fetal SpO2 levels were measured during labor by the pulse oximetry technique in 50 subjects. Average values of SpO2 were compared between the first and second stage of labor, with the first stage further subdivided into phases, according to cervical dilatation of (<=4 cm, 5-7 cm and 8-9 cm). SpO2 values were studied in relation to umbilical artery pH at birth ( > or = 7.20 and <7.20). SpO2 > or = 30.0% was considered normal. Results: fetal SpO2 averages during the first stage were 53.0 ± 7.3% and 44.2 ± 6.8% (UA pH > or = 7.20 and <7.20, respectively; p<0.01). When the first stage was subdivided, the fetal SpO2 averages (UA pH > or = 7.20) were 55.1 ± 5.1% (<=4 cm), 52.3 ± 4.6% (5-7 cm) and 51.5 ± 7.2% (8-9 cm); for UA pH <7.20, the fetal SpO2 averages were 46.3 ± 5.1% (<=4 cm), 43.6 ± 6.7% (5-7 cm) and 42.8 ± 5.8% (8-9 cm). Considering the UA pH, these differences were statistically significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: a significant decrease of oxygen saturation values was observed during labor when fetal pulse oximetry was used.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2001;23(4):225-232
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032001000400005
Purpose: to determine the amniotic fluid index (AFI) through ultrasound assessment in normal pregnancies and produce a curve of normalcy for the AFI from the 12th up to the 42nd week of pregnancy. Methods: the study involved 471 measurements on 256 pregnant women, all undergoing normal pregnancies. In pregnancies of more than 20 weeks an estimation was made of the sum of the largest vertical diameters of the amniotic fluid pockets in the four quadrants into which the uterus was divided. In the pregnancies of 20 weeks or less, the sum was obtained from the largest vertical diameters measured in the two halves into which the uterus was divided. Results were expressed in centimeters. Results: AFI was measured (471 measurements) and the results were stratified and grouped by weeks of pregnancy (every two weeks), except the 12th week which was analyzed alone. From an average of 4.7 cm (limits 3.8-5.9 for the 5th and the 95th percentiles) at the 12th week of pregnancy, the AFI grew progressively up to the maximum mean of 14.6 cm at the 32nd week (limits: 7.0-2.5 cm). AFI presented stable measurements from the 21st up to the 40th week. After that, AFI measurements suffered a sharp decrease. The AFI cutoff point occurred at the 21st week of pregnancy. The percent increase of AFI obtained at the 32nd week, when compared to the 12th was 197.7%, and 2.9% at the end of pregnancy when compared to the measurement of the week taken as reference. Conclusion: AFI varied during pregnancy. It increased progressively up to the 21st week and then stabilized up to the 40th week. After that, it experienced a sharp decline. The maximum measurement of the AFI occurred at the 32nd week. By establishing a normalcy curve for AFI it becomes easier to detect changes and allows for a better follow-up of the pregnancy period.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2001;23(4):225-232
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032001000400005
Purpose: to determine the amniotic fluid index (AFI) through ultrasound assessment in normal pregnancies and produce a curve of normalcy for the AFI from the 12th up to the 42nd week of pregnancy. Methods: the study involved 471 measurements on 256 pregnant women, all undergoing normal pregnancies. In pregnancies of more than 20 weeks an estimation was made of the sum of the largest vertical diameters of the amniotic fluid pockets in the four quadrants into which the uterus was divided. In the pregnancies of 20 weeks or less, the sum was obtained from the largest vertical diameters measured in the two halves into which the uterus was divided. Results were expressed in centimeters. Results: AFI was measured (471 measurements) and the results were stratified and grouped by weeks of pregnancy (every two weeks), except the 12th week which was analyzed alone. From an average of 4.7 cm (limits 3.8-5.9 for the 5th and the 95th percentiles) at the 12th week of pregnancy, the AFI grew progressively up to the maximum mean of 14.6 cm at the 32nd week (limits: 7.0-2.5 cm). AFI presented stable measurements from the 21st up to the 40th week. After that, AFI measurements suffered a sharp decrease. The AFI cutoff point occurred at the 21st week of pregnancy. The percent increase of AFI obtained at the 32nd week, when compared to the 12th was 197.7%, and 2.9% at the end of pregnancy when compared to the measurement of the week taken as reference. Conclusion: AFI varied during pregnancy. It increased progressively up to the 21st week and then stabilized up to the 40th week. After that, it experienced a sharp decline. The maximum measurement of the AFI occurred at the 32nd week. By establishing a normalcy curve for AFI it becomes easier to detect changes and allows for a better follow-up of the pregnancy period.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1998;20(1):25-32
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031998000100005
It is universally accepted that prenatal care has a beneficial impact on perinatal outcome. However, it is unclear whether access to early and frequent prenatal care influences the impact of pregnancy complications on birth weight. The objective of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of prenatal care, concerning antenatal visits (number and time of the first one), on gestational age and fetal weight at birth. We assessed prospectively the effect of the antenatal care in a group of 648 infants born consecutively at the University Hospital of Santa Maria, weighing from <1000 to >4000 g, and from <28 to >40 weeks of gestational age. Preterm delivery (<37 weeks) accounted for 17.7% of all deliveries, low birth-weight infants (<2500 g) for 20.5%, and very low birth-weight infants (<1000 g) for 2.8%. When the first antenatal visit was performed before the 12th week, only 5.1% of the babies were born with <37 weeks of gestational age or weight at birth of <2500 g. However, when the first visit was after the 28th week, the percentage of preterm delivery was 41.3% and of birth weight <2500 g was 43.5%. A significant association between higher frequency of antenatal visits, early care and decrease in preterm delivery frequency and low birth-weight infants was noted (p <0.001). We conclude that increase in the number of antenatal visits and early care can reduce the preterm delivery and low-birth weight infant rates.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1998;20(1):25-32
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031998000100005
It is universally accepted that prenatal care has a beneficial impact on perinatal outcome. However, it is unclear whether access to early and frequent prenatal care influences the impact of pregnancy complications on birth weight. The objective of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of prenatal care, concerning antenatal visits (number and time of the first one), on gestational age and fetal weight at birth. We assessed prospectively the effect of the antenatal care in a group of 648 infants born consecutively at the University Hospital of Santa Maria, weighing from <1000 to >4000 g, and from <28 to >40 weeks of gestational age. Preterm delivery (<37 weeks) accounted for 17.7% of all deliveries, low birth-weight infants (<2500 g) for 20.5%, and very low birth-weight infants (<1000 g) for 2.8%. When the first antenatal visit was performed before the 12th week, only 5.1% of the babies were born with <37 weeks of gestational age or weight at birth of <2500 g. However, when the first visit was after the 28th week, the percentage of preterm delivery was 41.3% and of birth weight <2500 g was 43.5%. A significant association between higher frequency of antenatal visits, early care and decrease in preterm delivery frequency and low birth-weight infants was noted (p <0.001). We conclude that increase in the number of antenatal visits and early care can reduce the preterm delivery and low-birth weight infant rates.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1999;21(6):335-339
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031999000600006
Purpose: to study the sensitivity and specificity based on fetal oxygen saturation (SpO2) values and fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns during labor, for the prognosis of acidotic fetuses at birth. Patients and Methods: SpO2 values were obtained by fetal pulse oximetry technique. A fetal SpO2 value > or = 30% was considered normal, and an SpO2 which remained <30.0% for more than 10 min between contractions was considered abnormal. Fetal SpO2 and FHR tracings were obtained during the first and second stage of labor. FHR classification used in the study has been derived from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development19. Results: a total of 72 subjects were studied. The sensitivity and specificity, based on SpO2, were 61.5% and 96.6%, respectively, whereas the sensitivity and specificity based on FHR patterns were 69.2% and 66.1%. Positive and negative predictive values based on SpO2 were 80% and 91.9%, respectively, and based on FHR patterns were 31% and 90.7%, respectively. Conclusions: a good fetal SpO2 specificity for prognosis of acidotic fetuses at birth was found, if compared with FHR pattern specificity, whereas sensitivity was poor for both methods. However, the number of acidotic fetuses was too small to allow more conclusions
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1999;21(6):335-339
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031999000600006
Purpose: to study the sensitivity and specificity based on fetal oxygen saturation (SpO2) values and fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns during labor, for the prognosis of acidotic fetuses at birth. Patients and Methods: SpO2 values were obtained by fetal pulse oximetry technique. A fetal SpO2 value > or = 30% was considered normal, and an SpO2 which remained <30.0% for more than 10 min between contractions was considered abnormal. Fetal SpO2 and FHR tracings were obtained during the first and second stage of labor. FHR classification used in the study has been derived from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development19. Results: a total of 72 subjects were studied. The sensitivity and specificity, based on SpO2, were 61.5% and 96.6%, respectively, whereas the sensitivity and specificity based on FHR patterns were 69.2% and 66.1%. Positive and negative predictive values based on SpO2 were 80% and 91.9%, respectively, and based on FHR patterns were 31% and 90.7%, respectively. Conclusions: a good fetal SpO2 specificity for prognosis of acidotic fetuses at birth was found, if compared with FHR pattern specificity, whereas sensitivity was poor for both methods. However, the number of acidotic fetuses was too small to allow more conclusions
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2003;25(5):371-373
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000500011
PURPOSE: to evaluate the effect of lyophilized and liquid heparin on umbilical cord blood pH measure. METHOD: we carried out a prospective study with 102 newborn arterial umbilical cord blood samples at the Obstetrics Department of the "Hospital Geral de Caxias do Sul". The authors used 51 syringes previously prepared with lyophilized heparin (syringe A) and 51 syringes prepared with liquid heparin (syringe B) for sample collection. Immediately after delivery a segment of the umbilical cord was doubly clamped and blood samples were obtained for measurements of pH and gases. The umbilical arterial blood pH was analyzed within 20 minutes by an AVL OMNI pH analyzer (Vienna, Austria). RESULTS: the average values of umbilical cord arterial blood pH in groups A and B were 7.246±0.086 and 7.244±0.084, respectively. The analysis showed no significant differences between blood samples in both syringes. CONCLUSION: we conclude that the two types of syringes have similar effects on blood pH analysis, allowing us to choose the less expensive one.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2003;25(5):371-373
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000500011
PURPOSE: to evaluate the effect of lyophilized and liquid heparin on umbilical cord blood pH measure. METHOD: we carried out a prospective study with 102 newborn arterial umbilical cord blood samples at the Obstetrics Department of the "Hospital Geral de Caxias do Sul". The authors used 51 syringes previously prepared with lyophilized heparin (syringe A) and 51 syringes prepared with liquid heparin (syringe B) for sample collection. Immediately after delivery a segment of the umbilical cord was doubly clamped and blood samples were obtained for measurements of pH and gases. The umbilical arterial blood pH was analyzed within 20 minutes by an AVL OMNI pH analyzer (Vienna, Austria). RESULTS: the average values of umbilical cord arterial blood pH in groups A and B were 7.246±0.086 and 7.244±0.084, respectively. The analysis showed no significant differences between blood samples in both syringes. CONCLUSION: we conclude that the two types of syringes have similar effects on blood pH analysis, allowing us to choose the less expensive one.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1999;21(7):381-384
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031999000700003
Purpose: to study the correlation between fetal oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry during second stage of labor and umbilical artery pH at birth. Patients and Methods: fetal oxygen saturation (FSpO2) was monitored by pulse oximetry during the second stage of labor in 64 singleton pregnancies at term, with vertex presentation. Umbilical blood was sampled immediately after delivery for subsequent measurement of venous and arterial blood gases and pH. All fetuses maintained FSpO2 > or = 30% through the first stage of labor, until the start of second stage. Results: the mean FSpO2 at the second stage of labor correlated significantly with umbilical artery pH at birth (n = 64, r = 0.79, p <0.001). There was no significant corre-lation between FSpO2 at the second stage of labor and umbilical artery oxygen saturation at birth. Conclusion: fetal oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry during second stage of labor has a good correlation with umbilical artery pH at birth.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1999;21(7):381-384
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031999000700003
Purpose: to study the correlation between fetal oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry during second stage of labor and umbilical artery pH at birth. Patients and Methods: fetal oxygen saturation (FSpO2) was monitored by pulse oximetry during the second stage of labor in 64 singleton pregnancies at term, with vertex presentation. Umbilical blood was sampled immediately after delivery for subsequent measurement of venous and arterial blood gases and pH. All fetuses maintained FSpO2 > or = 30% through the first stage of labor, until the start of second stage. Results: the mean FSpO2 at the second stage of labor correlated significantly with umbilical artery pH at birth (n = 64, r = 0.79, p <0.001). There was no significant corre-lation between FSpO2 at the second stage of labor and umbilical artery oxygen saturation at birth. Conclusion: fetal oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry during second stage of labor has a good correlation with umbilical artery pH at birth.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2008;30(10):494-498
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032008001000003
PURPOSE: to describe values found for the resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI) and the systole/diastole (S/D) ratio of fetal renal arteries in non-complicated gestations between the 22nd and the 38th week, and to evaluate whether those values vary along that period. METHODS: observational study, where 45 fetuses from non-complicated gestations have been evaluated in the 22nd, 26th, 30th and 38th weeks of gestational age. Doppler ultrasonography has been performed by the same observer, using a device with 4 to 7 MHz transducer. For the acquisition of the renal arteries velocity record, a 1 mm to 2 mm probe has been placed in the mean third of the renal artery for the evaluation through pulsed Doppler ultrasonography. The measurement of RI, PI and S/D ratio from three consecutive waves was performed with the automatic mode. To detect significant differences in the indexes' values along gestation, we have compared values obtained at the different gestational ages, through repeated measures ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the right and left renal arteries, when the RI, IP and S/D ratio were compared. Nevertheless, a change in the values of these parameters has been observed between the 22nd week (RI=0.9 ± 0.02; PI=2.4 ± 0.02; S/D ratio=11.6 ± 2.2; mean ± standard deviation of the combined mean values of the right and left renal artery) and the 38th week (RI=0.8 ± 0.03; PI=2.1 ± 0.2; S/D ratio=8.7 ± 2.3) of gestation. CONCLUSIONS: the parameters evaluated (RI, PI and S/D ratio) have presented decreasing values between the 22nd and 38th, with no difference between the fetus's right and left sides.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2008;30(10):494-498
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032008001000003
PURPOSE: to describe values found for the resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI) and the systole/diastole (S/D) ratio of fetal renal arteries in non-complicated gestations between the 22nd and the 38th week, and to evaluate whether those values vary along that period. METHODS: observational study, where 45 fetuses from non-complicated gestations have been evaluated in the 22nd, 26th, 30th and 38th weeks of gestational age. Doppler ultrasonography has been performed by the same observer, using a device with 4 to 7 MHz transducer. For the acquisition of the renal arteries velocity record, a 1 mm to 2 mm probe has been placed in the mean third of the renal artery for the evaluation through pulsed Doppler ultrasonography. The measurement of RI, PI and S/D ratio from three consecutive waves was performed with the automatic mode. To detect significant differences in the indexes' values along gestation, we have compared values obtained at the different gestational ages, through repeated measures ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the right and left renal arteries, when the RI, IP and S/D ratio were compared. Nevertheless, a change in the values of these parameters has been observed between the 22nd week (RI=0.9 ± 0.02; PI=2.4 ± 0.02; S/D ratio=11.6 ± 2.2; mean ± standard deviation of the combined mean values of the right and left renal artery) and the 38th week (RI=0.8 ± 0.03; PI=2.1 ± 0.2; S/D ratio=8.7 ± 2.3) of gestation. CONCLUSIONS: the parameters evaluated (RI, PI and S/D ratio) have presented decreasing values between the 22nd and 38th, with no difference between the fetus's right and left sides.
