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Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 1998;20(3):161-163
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031998000300007
A tocolytic treatment is described with the use of terbutaline in a case of cardiotocographic prolonged deceleration of fetal heart rate with successful outcome.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 1998;20(3):161-163
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031998000300007
A tocolytic treatment is described with the use of terbutaline in a case of cardiotocographic prolonged deceleration of fetal heart rate with successful outcome.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2000;22(4):201-208
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000400003
Purpose: to evaluate the modifications due to premature rupture of the membranes of variables of the fetal biophysical profile, comparing them to the ones found in pregnant women with intact membranes. In the group with premature rupture of the membranes, the association of biophysical variables with the Apgar score at the first and fifth minutes and with the occurrence or not of clinical chorioamnionitis and neonatal infection was analyzed. Patients and Methods: in a prospective study, 112 fetal biophysical profiles were established in 60 pregnant women with premature rupture of the membranes at a period between the 28th and the 40th week of pregnancy, and only the last fetal biophysical profile was analyzed and compared to other 60 fetal biophysical profiles of pregnant women with gestational ages identical to the group of study and with intact membranes. Results: statistical analysis of the results revealed that the premature rupture of the membranes diminished the reactivity, not interfering with the body movements of the fetus. It also diminished the frequency of the respiratory movements of the fetus, not determining modifications of the fetal tonus, and considerably decreasing the amniotic fluid index. In terms of prediction of chorioamnionitis and neonatal infection, the fetal biophysical profile did not show any significant statistic validity; however, when the biophysical variables were present, the correlation with the absence of chorioamnionitis and neonatal infection was clearly shown. The result of the last fetal biophysical profile was strongly associated with the Apgar score at the 5th minute. Conclusion: the fetal biophysical profile should be used routinely in pregnant women with premature rupture of the membranes with the purpose of evaluating fetal vitality, and in order to detect those fetuses at a higher risk of infection, specially those with gestational ages of less than 34 weeks. Regarding those fetuses it is best to use a conservative approach.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2000;22(4):201-208
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000400003
Purpose: to evaluate the modifications due to premature rupture of the membranes of variables of the fetal biophysical profile, comparing them to the ones found in pregnant women with intact membranes. In the group with premature rupture of the membranes, the association of biophysical variables with the Apgar score at the first and fifth minutes and with the occurrence or not of clinical chorioamnionitis and neonatal infection was analyzed. Patients and Methods: in a prospective study, 112 fetal biophysical profiles were established in 60 pregnant women with premature rupture of the membranes at a period between the 28th and the 40th week of pregnancy, and only the last fetal biophysical profile was analyzed and compared to other 60 fetal biophysical profiles of pregnant women with gestational ages identical to the group of study and with intact membranes. Results: statistical analysis of the results revealed that the premature rupture of the membranes diminished the reactivity, not interfering with the body movements of the fetus. It also diminished the frequency of the respiratory movements of the fetus, not determining modifications of the fetal tonus, and considerably decreasing the amniotic fluid index. In terms of prediction of chorioamnionitis and neonatal infection, the fetal biophysical profile did not show any significant statistic validity; however, when the biophysical variables were present, the correlation with the absence of chorioamnionitis and neonatal infection was clearly shown. The result of the last fetal biophysical profile was strongly associated with the Apgar score at the 5th minute. Conclusion: the fetal biophysical profile should be used routinely in pregnant women with premature rupture of the membranes with the purpose of evaluating fetal vitality, and in order to detect those fetuses at a higher risk of infection, specially those with gestational ages of less than 34 weeks. Regarding those fetuses it is best to use a conservative approach.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2003;25(4):277-281
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000400009
PURPOSE: the aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of microalbuminuria to predict preeclampsia. METHODS: a prospective study of 45 consecutive diabetic gestations that were tested for microalbuminuria before the 18th week, between the 18th and 24th week and between the 32nd and 36th week of gestation. All patients had their prenatal care done from January 2000 to December 2001. The DCA 2000 microalbumin/creatinine assay is a quantitative method for measuring low concentrations of albumin, creatinine and the albumin/creatinine ratio in urine. According to laboratory standards, an albumin/creatinine ratio >16 mg/g (1.8 mg/mmol) indicates incipient renal damage and risk for preeclampsia. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the albumin/creatinine ratio were determined to predict the occurrence or the absence of preeclampsia, diagnosed through clinical criteria. RESULTS: of all patients, 17% developed preeclampsia. The sensitivity of albumin/creatinine ratio increased from 12.5% at 18 weeks to 25% between the 18th and 24th week and to 87% after the 32nd week. On the other hand, specificity presented a decreasing value from 97 to 89 and 83%, respectively). The positive predictive value was relatively low in the three different periods of evaluation (50, 33 and 53%, respectively. The negative predictive value was increased in the three stages of gestational age (83, 84 and 96%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: quantification of microalbuminuria could correctly predict the absence of preeclampsia but was less accurate to predict the occurrence of the disease in diabetic pregnancies.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2003;25(4):277-281
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032003000400009
PURPOSE: the aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of microalbuminuria to predict preeclampsia. METHODS: a prospective study of 45 consecutive diabetic gestations that were tested for microalbuminuria before the 18th week, between the 18th and 24th week and between the 32nd and 36th week of gestation. All patients had their prenatal care done from January 2000 to December 2001. The DCA 2000 microalbumin/creatinine assay is a quantitative method for measuring low concentrations of albumin, creatinine and the albumin/creatinine ratio in urine. According to laboratory standards, an albumin/creatinine ratio >16 mg/g (1.8 mg/mmol) indicates incipient renal damage and risk for preeclampsia. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the albumin/creatinine ratio were determined to predict the occurrence or the absence of preeclampsia, diagnosed through clinical criteria. RESULTS: of all patients, 17% developed preeclampsia. The sensitivity of albumin/creatinine ratio increased from 12.5% at 18 weeks to 25% between the 18th and 24th week and to 87% after the 32nd week. On the other hand, specificity presented a decreasing value from 97 to 89 and 83%, respectively). The positive predictive value was relatively low in the three different periods of evaluation (50, 33 and 53%, respectively. The negative predictive value was increased in the three stages of gestational age (83, 84 and 96%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: quantification of microalbuminuria could correctly predict the absence of preeclampsia but was less accurate to predict the occurrence of the disease in diabetic pregnancies.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 1998;20(6):315-321
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031998000600004
The objective was to evaluate the accuracy of the foam stability test, lecithin/sphingomyelin (LS) ratio, presence of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and lung profile (L/S ratio > 1.7 and PG present simultaneously) in 121 consecutive high-risk gestations at the São Paulo Hospital from January 1990 to January 1995. Delivery occurred within 3 days of fetal lung maturation testing. This is a prospective study in which the sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of all the tests were determined. Neonatal respiratory outcome and amniocentesis results were stratified by gestational age for comparison. The distribution of the studied population according to maternal pathology was diabetes mellitus (48), hypertensive disorders (41), Rh isoimmunization (14) and miscellaneous (18). Respiratory distress (RD) was present in 33 infants (27.2%), mainly in the diabetic group. There was no false negative using lung profile (all patients) and foam stability tests among hypertensive pregnancies (specificity 100%), but there were about 20% to 50% false positives in the other tests. Overall, all four tests had a low PPV: 23% for foam test, 51% for L/S ratio, 63% for PG, 61% for lung profile, and high NPV: 92% for foam test, 88% for L/S ratio, 89% for PG and 100% for lung profile. All tests had less accuracy in the diabetic pregnant women. This study shows that the presence of PG and L/S ratio > 1.7 in the amniotic fluid of high-risk pregnancies confirms maturity with a very low risk to develop RD and that the foam stability test was useful as a first-line test to predict the absence of surfactant-deficient respiratory distress syndrome, particularly in hypertensive pregnant women.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 1998;20(6):315-321
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031998000600004
The objective was to evaluate the accuracy of the foam stability test, lecithin/sphingomyelin (LS) ratio, presence of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and lung profile (L/S ratio > 1.7 and PG present simultaneously) in 121 consecutive high-risk gestations at the São Paulo Hospital from January 1990 to January 1995. Delivery occurred within 3 days of fetal lung maturation testing. This is a prospective study in which the sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of all the tests were determined. Neonatal respiratory outcome and amniocentesis results were stratified by gestational age for comparison. The distribution of the studied population according to maternal pathology was diabetes mellitus (48), hypertensive disorders (41), Rh isoimmunization (14) and miscellaneous (18). Respiratory distress (RD) was present in 33 infants (27.2%), mainly in the diabetic group. There was no false negative using lung profile (all patients) and foam stability tests among hypertensive pregnancies (specificity 100%), but there were about 20% to 50% false positives in the other tests. Overall, all four tests had a low PPV: 23% for foam test, 51% for L/S ratio, 63% for PG, 61% for lung profile, and high NPV: 92% for foam test, 88% for L/S ratio, 89% for PG and 100% for lung profile. All tests had less accuracy in the diabetic pregnant women. This study shows that the presence of PG and L/S ratio > 1.7 in the amniotic fluid of high-risk pregnancies confirms maturity with a very low risk to develop RD and that the foam stability test was useful as a first-line test to predict the absence of surfactant-deficient respiratory distress syndrome, particularly in hypertensive pregnant women.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2005;27(8):461-466
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032005000800005
PURPOSE: to compare the effectiveness of glibenclamide and acarbose with that of insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), in regard to maternal glucose levels, newborn (NB) weight and neonatal hypoglycemia. METHODS: an open, randomized prospective study was carried out. Fifty-seven patients diagnosed with GDM were included. These patients required dietary control and additional therapy. Pregnant women were randomly alloted to one of three groups with different therapies: a control group making use of insulin therapy, a study group making use of glibenclamide and a study group making use of acarbose. The study took seven months (from October 1st 2003 to May 1st 2004). Assessed outcomes were maternal glucose levels in the prenatal period, the need for replacing therapy to achieve glucose level control, NB weight and neonatal hypoglycemia. Statistical analysis was determined by ANOVA with the level of significance set at 5%. RESULTS: maternal characteristics were similar in all the three groups. Glucose level control was not obtained in three of the patients who used glibenclamide (15%) and in seven (38.8%) of the patients who used acarbose. Regarding fasting and postprandial glucose level rates and average NB weight no difference between the three groups was observed. No statistical difference was found for fasting or postprandial glucose levels and average NB weight in any of the three groups. The rate of large for gestational age fetuses was 5.2, 31.5 and 11.1% for the groups treated with insulin, glibenclamide and acarbose, respectively. Neonatal hypoglycemia was observed in six NB. Four of these were from the glibenclamide group (21.0%). CONCLUSIONS: glibenclamide was more effective for glucose level control than acarbose but neither were more efficient than insulin. NB children whose mothers had been alloted to the glibenclamide group showed a higher rate of macrosomia and neonatal hypoglycemia when compared to those newborns whose mothers were subjected to other therapies.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2005;27(8):461-466
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032005000800005
PURPOSE: to compare the effectiveness of glibenclamide and acarbose with that of insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), in regard to maternal glucose levels, newborn (NB) weight and neonatal hypoglycemia. METHODS: an open, randomized prospective study was carried out. Fifty-seven patients diagnosed with GDM were included. These patients required dietary control and additional therapy. Pregnant women were randomly alloted to one of three groups with different therapies: a control group making use of insulin therapy, a study group making use of glibenclamide and a study group making use of acarbose. The study took seven months (from October 1st 2003 to May 1st 2004). Assessed outcomes were maternal glucose levels in the prenatal period, the need for replacing therapy to achieve glucose level control, NB weight and neonatal hypoglycemia. Statistical analysis was determined by ANOVA with the level of significance set at 5%. RESULTS: maternal characteristics were similar in all the three groups. Glucose level control was not obtained in three of the patients who used glibenclamide (15%) and in seven (38.8%) of the patients who used acarbose. Regarding fasting and postprandial glucose level rates and average NB weight no difference between the three groups was observed. No statistical difference was found for fasting or postprandial glucose levels and average NB weight in any of the three groups. The rate of large for gestational age fetuses was 5.2, 31.5 and 11.1% for the groups treated with insulin, glibenclamide and acarbose, respectively. Neonatal hypoglycemia was observed in six NB. Four of these were from the glibenclamide group (21.0%). CONCLUSIONS: glibenclamide was more effective for glucose level control than acarbose but neither were more efficient than insulin. NB children whose mothers had been alloted to the glibenclamide group showed a higher rate of macrosomia and neonatal hypoglycemia when compared to those newborns whose mothers were subjected to other therapies.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(1):5-9
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000100002
PURPOSE: to evaluate factors related to the presence of neonatal macrosomia in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. METHODS: 157 pregnant women presenting gestational diabetes mellitus in follow-up were retrospectively selected from January 2004 to July 2006. This group has been divided into two subgroups: one with newborns with weight in accordance with the gestational age (n=136) and another with macrosomic newborns (n=21). Maternal characteristics have been compared between the groups. The t-Student test was used for the analysis of equality hypothesis between the averages of the two groups, and chi-square test, to check the groups' homogeneity concerning ratios. RESULTS: the groups did not show any significant difference concerning the gestational age, body mass index, weight gain along the gestation, number of previous pregnancies, fast glycemia in the oral glucose tolerance test after the ingestion of 75 g (TOTG 75 g), gestational age at delivery, glycemic values during the treatment, and the type of treatment used (p>0.05). In the group with neonatal macrosomia, there was a higher two-hour-glycemia in the TOTG 75 g (p=0.02), higher gestational age at the treatment onset (p=0.02), and a lower number of appointments at the health service (p<0.01). When adjusted to a logistic regression model, the most important factor (p<0.01) found to predict neonatal macrosomia was the two-hour-glycemia in the TOTG 75 g. CONCLUSIONS: the factors more frequently related to neonatal macrosomia were late treatment onset and, consequently, lower number of appointments and chiefly, high two-hour-glycemia in the TOTG 75 g.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2009;31(1):5-9
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000100002
PURPOSE: to evaluate factors related to the presence of neonatal macrosomia in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. METHODS: 157 pregnant women presenting gestational diabetes mellitus in follow-up were retrospectively selected from January 2004 to July 2006. This group has been divided into two subgroups: one with newborns with weight in accordance with the gestational age (n=136) and another with macrosomic newborns (n=21). Maternal characteristics have been compared between the groups. The t-Student test was used for the analysis of equality hypothesis between the averages of the two groups, and chi-square test, to check the groups' homogeneity concerning ratios. RESULTS: the groups did not show any significant difference concerning the gestational age, body mass index, weight gain along the gestation, number of previous pregnancies, fast glycemia in the oral glucose tolerance test after the ingestion of 75 g (TOTG 75 g), gestational age at delivery, glycemic values during the treatment, and the type of treatment used (p>0.05). In the group with neonatal macrosomia, there was a higher two-hour-glycemia in the TOTG 75 g (p=0.02), higher gestational age at the treatment onset (p=0.02), and a lower number of appointments at the health service (p<0.01). When adjusted to a logistic regression model, the most important factor (p<0.01) found to predict neonatal macrosomia was the two-hour-glycemia in the TOTG 75 g. CONCLUSIONS: the factors more frequently related to neonatal macrosomia were late treatment onset and, consequently, lower number of appointments and chiefly, high two-hour-glycemia in the TOTG 75 g.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2000;22(9):543-549
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000900002
Purpose: to compare the efficiency between magnesium sulfate and phenytoin in the control of convulsions in patients with eclampsia and to evaluate the effects of magnesium sulfate and phenytoin on the maternal and perinatal prognosis in patients with eclampsia. Methods: this is a prospective, randomized and controlled study in which the results obtained with the use of anticonvulsive treatment in 77 women with eclampsia, treated with either magnesium sulfate or phenytoin, were analyzed comparatively. The drugs which were used in both therapeutic schemes were distributed in a one to one ratio, in randomly numbered boxes which presented similar characteristics. When a patient was admitted, a box was opened and its contents were given to the patient. Results: in the group whose patients were treated with magnesium sulfate, 19.5% had recurrent convulsions while in the group whose patients used phenytoin, 36.1% had new crises (p<0,05). The patients who were treated with magnesium sulfate showed a greater prevalence of postpartum hemorrhage (14,7%) than those to whom phenytoin was administered (2.7%) (p<0.05). In relation to the newborns, 17.0% of the group from mothers treated with magnesium sulfate presented respiratory distress as opposed to the group of newborns from mothers treated with phenytoin (11.8%), (p> 0,05). Conclusion: magnesium sulfate is shown to be more efficient than phenytoin in the control and the prevention of convulsions in patients with eclampsia. However, its utilization showed a higher prevalence of postpartum hemorrhage and respiratory distress. Phenytoin should be used in cases where the use of magnesium sulfate is contraindicated.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2000;22(9):543-549
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000900002
Purpose: to compare the efficiency between magnesium sulfate and phenytoin in the control of convulsions in patients with eclampsia and to evaluate the effects of magnesium sulfate and phenytoin on the maternal and perinatal prognosis in patients with eclampsia. Methods: this is a prospective, randomized and controlled study in which the results obtained with the use of anticonvulsive treatment in 77 women with eclampsia, treated with either magnesium sulfate or phenytoin, were analyzed comparatively. The drugs which were used in both therapeutic schemes were distributed in a one to one ratio, in randomly numbered boxes which presented similar characteristics. When a patient was admitted, a box was opened and its contents were given to the patient. Results: in the group whose patients were treated with magnesium sulfate, 19.5% had recurrent convulsions while in the group whose patients used phenytoin, 36.1% had new crises (p<0,05). The patients who were treated with magnesium sulfate showed a greater prevalence of postpartum hemorrhage (14,7%) than those to whom phenytoin was administered (2.7%) (p<0.05). In relation to the newborns, 17.0% of the group from mothers treated with magnesium sulfate presented respiratory distress as opposed to the group of newborns from mothers treated with phenytoin (11.8%), (p> 0,05). Conclusion: magnesium sulfate is shown to be more efficient than phenytoin in the control and the prevention of convulsions in patients with eclampsia. However, its utilization showed a higher prevalence of postpartum hemorrhage and respiratory distress. Phenytoin should be used in cases where the use of magnesium sulfate is contraindicated.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2007;29(11):555-560
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032007001100002
PURPOSE: to identify the factors related to successful gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) management with glyburide and to evaluate perinatal outcomes. METHODS: prospective longitudinal study including 50 pregnant women with GDM who required complementary treatment to diet and physical activity, whose fetus presented normal abdominal circumference (AC) to ultrasound (pct<75). Study period was August 2005 to July 2006. Ultrasonography was carried out monthly. Glyburide was used until delivery, as long as glucose control was obtained and fetal AC was normal, being thus considered therapeutically successful. In case there was no glucose control or alteration in AC, management was switched to insulin therapy, being thus considered therapeutically unsuccessful. Pregnant women were divided into two groups: one therapeutically successful (n=29) and another therapeutically unsuccessful (n=21). The results evaluated were: therapeutic success, maternal characteristics and perinatal outcome. RESULTS: fifty-eight percent of the cases were successfully managed with glyburide. No difference was found (p>0.05) in either group, with regards to maternal age, glucose values at OGTT75g, maternal body mass index (BMI), number of pre-natal consultations, number of previous pregnancies. According to the logistic model of regression used, therapeutically successful pregnant patients had had a later diagnosis (p=0.02) and lower weight gain during gestation (p<0.01). Perinatal outcome did not differ in either group. CONCLUSIONS: patients with later diagnosis and lower weight gain are more likely to have successful GDM management with glyburide. Unsuccessful management with glyburide did not alter the perinatal outcome.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2007;29(11):555-560
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032007001100002
PURPOSE: to identify the factors related to successful gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) management with glyburide and to evaluate perinatal outcomes. METHODS: prospective longitudinal study including 50 pregnant women with GDM who required complementary treatment to diet and physical activity, whose fetus presented normal abdominal circumference (AC) to ultrasound (pct<75). Study period was August 2005 to July 2006. Ultrasonography was carried out monthly. Glyburide was used until delivery, as long as glucose control was obtained and fetal AC was normal, being thus considered therapeutically successful. In case there was no glucose control or alteration in AC, management was switched to insulin therapy, being thus considered therapeutically unsuccessful. Pregnant women were divided into two groups: one therapeutically successful (n=29) and another therapeutically unsuccessful (n=21). The results evaluated were: therapeutic success, maternal characteristics and perinatal outcome. RESULTS: fifty-eight percent of the cases were successfully managed with glyburide. No difference was found (p>0.05) in either group, with regards to maternal age, glucose values at OGTT75g, maternal body mass index (BMI), number of pre-natal consultations, number of previous pregnancies. According to the logistic model of regression used, therapeutically successful pregnant patients had had a later diagnosis (p=0.02) and lower weight gain during gestation (p<0.01). Perinatal outcome did not differ in either group. CONCLUSIONS: patients with later diagnosis and lower weight gain are more likely to have successful GDM management with glyburide. Unsuccessful management with glyburide did not alter the perinatal outcome.