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Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2002;24(10):212-216
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002001000006
PURPOSE: to compare two methodologies for the calculation of placental volume in normal term pregnancies: one according to the Archimedes principle and the other to the cylinder volume, to estimate the absolute placental densities. Also, to define the methodology which relates to the weight and to the newborn classification. METHOD: fifty placentas from normal term pregnancies were tested by the two methodologies to estimate the placental volume and absolute density: a) Archimedes principle, and b) the cylinder volume with two possible different heights. The absolute placental densities were calculated, respectively, by the quotient between the placenta weight, properly standardized, and the different estimated volumes. RESULTS: most of the pregnant women had more than one gestation, average age of 25.4 years, mean placental volume between 547.8 and 610 cm³ and mean density between 0.94 and 1.14 g/cm³, depending on the used methodology. CONCLUSIONS: the Archimedes principle was the most appropriate methodology to estimate the term placental volume, best correlating with the newborn weight, the placental index and the classification of newborn weight in relation to gestational age.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2002;24(10):212-216
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002001000006
PURPOSE: to compare two methodologies for the calculation of placental volume in normal term pregnancies: one according to the Archimedes principle and the other to the cylinder volume, to estimate the absolute placental densities. Also, to define the methodology which relates to the weight and to the newborn classification. METHOD: fifty placentas from normal term pregnancies were tested by the two methodologies to estimate the placental volume and absolute density: a) Archimedes principle, and b) the cylinder volume with two possible different heights. The absolute placental densities were calculated, respectively, by the quotient between the placenta weight, properly standardized, and the different estimated volumes. RESULTS: most of the pregnant women had more than one gestation, average age of 25.4 years, mean placental volume between 547.8 and 610 cm³ and mean density between 0.94 and 1.14 g/cm³, depending on the used methodology. CONCLUSIONS: the Archimedes principle was the most appropriate methodology to estimate the term placental volume, best correlating with the newborn weight, the placental index and the classification of newborn weight in relation to gestational age.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2002;24(10):639-639
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002001000001
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2002;24(10):639-639
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002001000001
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2002;24(10):641-646
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002001000002
PURPOSE: to compare the effectiveness and safety of two different doses of misoprostol (12.5 mug and 25 mug) administered vaginally for cervical ripening and labor induction in term pregnancies with an indication for interruption. METHODS: this was a pilot randomized controlled single blinded trial, including 40 pregnant women treated with one of the two different doses of misoprostol. The independent variable was the dose of misoprostol and the main dependent variables were the mode of delivery, time between induction and delivery, perinatal complications and maternal side effects. The main control variables were maternal age, gestational age, literacy, parity, skin color and conditions of the cervix at the beginning of induction. For data analysis Student's t test, chi2, exact Fisher, Wilcoxon and Kolmogorov-Smirnof tests were used, besides survival analysis. RESULTS: the groups using 12.5 and 25 mug were similar and did not present any significant difference regarding time for onset of uterine contractions (20.9±20.4 and 16.6±9.8 h, respectively), time between onset of uterine contractions and delivery (7.8±3.4 and 6.9±5.0 h), vaginal delivery (65 and 80%) and maternal and perinatal side effects (similar Apgar scores and hyperstimulation syndrome in both groups). CONCLUSION: the higher percentage of vaginal births and the shorter time for delivery using 25 mug, although not significant, does not allow to recommend the dose of 12.5 mug as more advantageous for cervical ripening and labor induction in term pregnancies.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2002;24(10):641-646
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002001000002
PURPOSE: to compare the effectiveness and safety of two different doses of misoprostol (12.5 mug and 25 mug) administered vaginally for cervical ripening and labor induction in term pregnancies with an indication for interruption. METHODS: this was a pilot randomized controlled single blinded trial, including 40 pregnant women treated with one of the two different doses of misoprostol. The independent variable was the dose of misoprostol and the main dependent variables were the mode of delivery, time between induction and delivery, perinatal complications and maternal side effects. The main control variables were maternal age, gestational age, literacy, parity, skin color and conditions of the cervix at the beginning of induction. For data analysis Student's t test, chi2, exact Fisher, Wilcoxon and Kolmogorov-Smirnof tests were used, besides survival analysis. RESULTS: the groups using 12.5 and 25 mug were similar and did not present any significant difference regarding time for onset of uterine contractions (20.9±20.4 and 16.6±9.8 h, respectively), time between onset of uterine contractions and delivery (7.8±3.4 and 6.9±5.0 h), vaginal delivery (65 and 80%) and maternal and perinatal side effects (similar Apgar scores and hyperstimulation syndrome in both groups). CONCLUSION: the higher percentage of vaginal births and the shorter time for delivery using 25 mug, although not significant, does not allow to recommend the dose of 12.5 mug as more advantageous for cervical ripening and labor induction in term pregnancies.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2002;24(10):647-652
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002001000003
PURPOSE: to evaluate experimentally the effects of antiretroviral drugs used alone and in association upon the fertility of pregnant Wistar rats and the perinatal effects on the offspring. METHODS: adult female pregnant Wistar rats weighing 200-230 g were used. The antiretroviral drugs zidovudine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC) and nelfinavir (NFV) were used alone and in association at daily doses of ten times the dose normally used in pregnant women, proportionally to the animal's body weight. Seven groups were studied, including the control one. The experiment started on day 0 and the pregnant animals were sacrificed on day 21. The alive and dead fetuses, the total implantation sites and the total numbers of corporea lutea were used to calculate the fertility values. The statistical analysis was performed by Student's t test and by the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: there were no significant statistical differences regarding preimplantation loss and implantation efficiency values of the rats treated with isolated and associated antiretroviral drugs. There was a significant increase in the postimplantation loss values (control group: 7.6%; drug groups variation: 20.2-26.7%), a decrease in the fetal viability values (control group: 92.4%, drug groups variation: 73.3-79.8%), and a decreasing number of fetuses per animal (control group: 14.7; drug groups variation: 11.1-12.7). There was a significant weight reduction of the female rats and of the offspring of animals treated with 3TC, AZT + 3TC and AZT + 3TC + NFV. CONCLUSION: with the administration of high antiretroviral doses, important fertility effects could be observed, which showed that less histotoxic antiretroviral drugs must be studied in order to warrant the safety of using these medicines in pregnant HIV-1 - infected women.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2002;24(10):647-652
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002001000003
PURPOSE: to evaluate experimentally the effects of antiretroviral drugs used alone and in association upon the fertility of pregnant Wistar rats and the perinatal effects on the offspring. METHODS: adult female pregnant Wistar rats weighing 200-230 g were used. The antiretroviral drugs zidovudine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC) and nelfinavir (NFV) were used alone and in association at daily doses of ten times the dose normally used in pregnant women, proportionally to the animal's body weight. Seven groups were studied, including the control one. The experiment started on day 0 and the pregnant animals were sacrificed on day 21. The alive and dead fetuses, the total implantation sites and the total numbers of corporea lutea were used to calculate the fertility values. The statistical analysis was performed by Student's t test and by the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: there were no significant statistical differences regarding preimplantation loss and implantation efficiency values of the rats treated with isolated and associated antiretroviral drugs. There was a significant increase in the postimplantation loss values (control group: 7.6%; drug groups variation: 20.2-26.7%), a decrease in the fetal viability values (control group: 92.4%, drug groups variation: 73.3-79.8%), and a decreasing number of fetuses per animal (control group: 14.7; drug groups variation: 11.1-12.7). There was a significant weight reduction of the female rats and of the offspring of animals treated with 3TC, AZT + 3TC and AZT + 3TC + NFV. CONCLUSION: with the administration of high antiretroviral doses, important fertility effects could be observed, which showed that less histotoxic antiretroviral drugs must be studied in order to warrant the safety of using these medicines in pregnant HIV-1 - infected women.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2002;24(10):655-661
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002001000004
PURPOSE: to evaluate the effects of antenatal corticosteroid treatment on the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), neonatal morbidities, and mortality in preterm babies assisted at IMIP, a teaching hospital in Brazil. METHODS: this was an observational, analytical, cohort study which included 155 newborns from women who delivered prematurely. The study was conducted between February and November 2001 and included 78 women in the corticosteroid-treated group and 77 in the nontreated group. The study design included the incidence of RDS, assessment of morbidities related to prematurity and tabulation of neonatal mortality. The risk ratio and its 95% confidence interval were determined for estimation of the relative risk for RDS and neonatal outcome (dependent variables) according to antenatal corticoid therapy administration (independent variable). RESULTS: corticosteroid treatment was administered to 50.3% of the patients (64% of the women received the full treatment course, while 36% of the same group received a partial course of treatment). The incidence of RDS was significantly lower in the corticosteroid treated group (37.2%) compared with the nontreated group (63.6%). There was no observable decrease in the risk for morbidities associated with prematurity. There was a decrease in mortality and in the frequency of supplemental oxygen therapy in the corticosteroid group (37%). On multiple logical regression analysis, there was a 72% reduction in the risk for RDS in the corticosteroid group, and approximately a seven times greater risk for RDS in babies of gestational age below 32 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: a favorable impact of antenatal corticosteroid administration was observed, with significant reduction of the risk for RDS in patients with gestational age between 26 and 35 weeks. Although no effect on the other morbidities was observed, this can be explained by the small size of the sample.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2002;24(10):655-661
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002001000004
PURPOSE: to evaluate the effects of antenatal corticosteroid treatment on the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), neonatal morbidities, and mortality in preterm babies assisted at IMIP, a teaching hospital in Brazil. METHODS: this was an observational, analytical, cohort study which included 155 newborns from women who delivered prematurely. The study was conducted between February and November 2001 and included 78 women in the corticosteroid-treated group and 77 in the nontreated group. The study design included the incidence of RDS, assessment of morbidities related to prematurity and tabulation of neonatal mortality. The risk ratio and its 95% confidence interval were determined for estimation of the relative risk for RDS and neonatal outcome (dependent variables) according to antenatal corticoid therapy administration (independent variable). RESULTS: corticosteroid treatment was administered to 50.3% of the patients (64% of the women received the full treatment course, while 36% of the same group received a partial course of treatment). The incidence of RDS was significantly lower in the corticosteroid treated group (37.2%) compared with the nontreated group (63.6%). There was no observable decrease in the risk for morbidities associated with prematurity. There was a decrease in mortality and in the frequency of supplemental oxygen therapy in the corticosteroid group (37%). On multiple logical regression analysis, there was a 72% reduction in the risk for RDS in the corticosteroid group, and approximately a seven times greater risk for RDS in babies of gestational age below 32 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: a favorable impact of antenatal corticosteroid administration was observed, with significant reduction of the risk for RDS in patients with gestational age between 26 and 35 weeks. Although no effect on the other morbidities was observed, this can be explained by the small size of the sample.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2002;24(10):663-668
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002001000005
PURPOSE: to evaluate the effect of intravascular transfusion on ductus venosus and inferior vena cava Doppler ultrasound indexes (SV/CA) and to relate it to hemoglobin levels before transfusion. METHODS: this is a transversal prospective study. A total of 62 intravascular transfusions were performed in 27 fetuses from pregnancies with red blood cell isoimmunization. The 62 cases were divided into two groups: (1) fetuses with hemoglobin levels before transfusion £10 g/dL and (2) fetuses with hemoglobin levels before transfusion >10 g/dL. The SV/CA and CA/SV indexes were measured using color Doppler ultrasound 6 h before and 12 h after intravascular transfusion. The index values before and after transfusion in all 62 cases were compared. Thereafter we compared these indexes before and after transfusion regarding each group. The Wilcoxon test was used and the results were considered statiscally significant when p<0.05. RESULTS: when we studied the whole group (62 cases) no significant difference was observed between the CA/SV index before and after transfusion (p=0.775). On the other hand, a significant increase in the SV/CA index was observed after transfusion (p=0.004). No significant differences were observed in both the SV/CA and CA/SV indexes before and after transfusion in the group of fetuses with hemoglobin levels before transfusion £10 g/dL (p=0.061 and p=0.345, respectively). There was a significant increase in the CA/SV index after transfusion in fetuses with hemoglobin levels before transfusion >10 g/dL (p=0.049), but the SV/CA index did not change in this group (p=0.086). CONCLUSION: venous Doppler study may be useful to understand fetal hemodynamic adjustment after intravascular transfusion. An increase in SV/CA without change in CA/SV after transfusion in anemic fetuses may be an important compensatory mechanism to increase intravascular volume. The increase in CA/SV index in fetuses with hemoglobin levels before transfusion <10 g/dL suggests a state of fetal hypervolemia.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2002;24(10):663-668
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002001000005
PURPOSE: to evaluate the effect of intravascular transfusion on ductus venosus and inferior vena cava Doppler ultrasound indexes (SV/CA) and to relate it to hemoglobin levels before transfusion. METHODS: this is a transversal prospective study. A total of 62 intravascular transfusions were performed in 27 fetuses from pregnancies with red blood cell isoimmunization. The 62 cases were divided into two groups: (1) fetuses with hemoglobin levels before transfusion £10 g/dL and (2) fetuses with hemoglobin levels before transfusion >10 g/dL. The SV/CA and CA/SV indexes were measured using color Doppler ultrasound 6 h before and 12 h after intravascular transfusion. The index values before and after transfusion in all 62 cases were compared. Thereafter we compared these indexes before and after transfusion regarding each group. The Wilcoxon test was used and the results were considered statiscally significant when p<0.05. RESULTS: when we studied the whole group (62 cases) no significant difference was observed between the CA/SV index before and after transfusion (p=0.775). On the other hand, a significant increase in the SV/CA index was observed after transfusion (p=0.004). No significant differences were observed in both the SV/CA and CA/SV indexes before and after transfusion in the group of fetuses with hemoglobin levels before transfusion £10 g/dL (p=0.061 and p=0.345, respectively). There was a significant increase in the CA/SV index after transfusion in fetuses with hemoglobin levels before transfusion >10 g/dL (p=0.049), but the SV/CA index did not change in this group (p=0.086). CONCLUSION: venous Doppler study may be useful to understand fetal hemodynamic adjustment after intravascular transfusion. An increase in SV/CA without change in CA/SV after transfusion in anemic fetuses may be an important compensatory mechanism to increase intravascular volume. The increase in CA/SV index in fetuses with hemoglobin levels before transfusion <10 g/dL suggests a state of fetal hypervolemia.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2002;24(10):675-680
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002001000007
PURPOSE: to evaluate neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer as to its acceptability, tolerability, toxicity, surgical complications, operability, response rate, and overall survival in 5 years. METHODS: sixty women with locally advanced cervical cancer (stages IIB and IIIB), who were submitted to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, were included. All patients were treated with doxorubicin-bleomycin-cisplatin. Those who had a good response, allowing a surgical approach, underwent the Wertheim-Meigs procedure. After surgery, they were submitted to pelvic radiotherapy. Those that could not be submitted to surgery after chemotherapy underwent total radiotherapy. RESULTS: the average follow-up was 108 months, and 80% of the patients had an overall response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In the IIB group, the response rate was 100%, and in the IIIB group it was 60%. The operability rate after neoadjuvant chemotherapy was 65%. The overall survival in 5 years was 62%. Comparing the operated group (n=34) with the nonoperated group (n=18), the overall survival in 5 years was 82.14 and 16.67%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: neoadjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin-bleomycin-cisplatin for locally advanced cervical cancer is safe, with a low rate of side effects, and allowed a high operability rate.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2002;24(10):675-680
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002001000007
PURPOSE: to evaluate neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer as to its acceptability, tolerability, toxicity, surgical complications, operability, response rate, and overall survival in 5 years. METHODS: sixty women with locally advanced cervical cancer (stages IIB and IIIB), who were submitted to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, were included. All patients were treated with doxorubicin-bleomycin-cisplatin. Those who had a good response, allowing a surgical approach, underwent the Wertheim-Meigs procedure. After surgery, they were submitted to pelvic radiotherapy. Those that could not be submitted to surgery after chemotherapy underwent total radiotherapy. RESULTS: the average follow-up was 108 months, and 80% of the patients had an overall response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In the IIB group, the response rate was 100%, and in the IIIB group it was 60%. The operability rate after neoadjuvant chemotherapy was 65%. The overall survival in 5 years was 62%. Comparing the operated group (n=34) with the nonoperated group (n=18), the overall survival in 5 years was 82.14 and 16.67%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: neoadjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin-bleomycin-cisplatin for locally advanced cervical cancer is safe, with a low rate of side effects, and allowed a high operability rate.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2002;24(10):681-684
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002001000008
PURPOSE: to assess ovarian function in patients with cervical cancer following radical hysterectomy with ovarian preservation. METHODS: we retrospectively analyzed patients with cervical carcinoma, submitted to radical hysterectomy with ovarian preservation at the Gynecologic Clinic of the São Marcos Hospital-SPCC, from April 1998 to October 2001, with evaluation of symptoms of estrogenic deprivation (flushing, dry vagina) and the measurement of FSH levels after surgery. All data were analyzed using the Pearson test. RESULTS: FSH levels were measured in 42 patients; of these, 33 (78.5%) patients had normal FSH levels (below 30 mU/mL). The median level was 21.05 mU/mL (range 1.2-132.44 mU/mL). Five (55.6%) of the nine patients with high FSH levels had received postoperative radiotherapy (p<0.0001). There was no correlation between postoperative FSH levels and age over 40 years (p=0.33). Benign ovarian cysts occurred in four patients (7.7%). One patient presented recurrence of the lesion in the vaginal dome and metastasis to the scalp, and died. CONCLUSION: in 78.5% of the patients, ovarian function was preserved. Ovarian transposition was inadequate to preserve ovarian function in patients who underwent postoperative radiotherapy. There was no correlation between age and postoperative FSH levels.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2002;24(10):681-684
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002001000008
PURPOSE: to assess ovarian function in patients with cervical cancer following radical hysterectomy with ovarian preservation. METHODS: we retrospectively analyzed patients with cervical carcinoma, submitted to radical hysterectomy with ovarian preservation at the Gynecologic Clinic of the São Marcos Hospital-SPCC, from April 1998 to October 2001, with evaluation of symptoms of estrogenic deprivation (flushing, dry vagina) and the measurement of FSH levels after surgery. All data were analyzed using the Pearson test. RESULTS: FSH levels were measured in 42 patients; of these, 33 (78.5%) patients had normal FSH levels (below 30 mU/mL). The median level was 21.05 mU/mL (range 1.2-132.44 mU/mL). Five (55.6%) of the nine patients with high FSH levels had received postoperative radiotherapy (p<0.0001). There was no correlation between postoperative FSH levels and age over 40 years (p=0.33). Benign ovarian cysts occurred in four patients (7.7%). One patient presented recurrence of the lesion in the vaginal dome and metastasis to the scalp, and died. CONCLUSION: in 78.5% of the patients, ovarian function was preserved. Ovarian transposition was inadequate to preserve ovarian function in patients who underwent postoperative radiotherapy. There was no correlation between age and postoperative FSH levels.