Trabalhos Originais Archives - Page 3 of 51 - Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(9):573-577
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000900006
Purpose: to verify the frequency of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ¾ infected women. Methods: ninety-nine HIV-seropositive women were studied. The diagnosis of the HIV infection was established through two ELISA tests complemented by Western blot test or indirect immunofluorescence test. As control group, 104 women whose ELISA test was not positive were analyzed. The investigation of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was achieved by association of Pap smear and colposcopy in both groups. In the cases where colposcopy revealed existence of abnormal transformation zones, NIC diagnosis was obtained through colposcopy-guided biopsy complemented or not by conization. Results: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was found in 15 of the 99 patients (15.2%), and among them there were ten NIC I, one NIC II and four NIC III. Among the 104 women of the control group, four presented cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (3.8%), one being NIC I and three NIC III. Conclusion: the comparative analysis of the results showed that the frequency of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was significantly higher among those patients infected with HIV.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(9):573-577
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000900006
Purpose: to verify the frequency of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ¾ infected women. Methods: ninety-nine HIV-seropositive women were studied. The diagnosis of the HIV infection was established through two ELISA tests complemented by Western blot test or indirect immunofluorescence test. As control group, 104 women whose ELISA test was not positive were analyzed. The investigation of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was achieved by association of Pap smear and colposcopy in both groups. In the cases where colposcopy revealed existence of abnormal transformation zones, NIC diagnosis was obtained through colposcopy-guided biopsy complemented or not by conization. Results: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was found in 15 of the 99 patients (15.2%), and among them there were ten NIC I, one NIC II and four NIC III. Among the 104 women of the control group, four presented cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (3.8%), one being NIC I and three NIC III. Conclusion: the comparative analysis of the results showed that the frequency of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was significantly higher among those patients infected with HIV.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(9):585-591
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000900008
Purpose: to test the adrenal function by a potent stimulus to its reticular layer verifying 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehy-drogenase (3beta-HSD) and 21-hydroxylase (21OH) enzymatic activities. Methods: plasma concentrations of 17alphaOH-pregneno-lone, 17alphaOH-progesterone, cortisol, progesterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (SDHEA) and free testosterone were determined in 39 women, 13 of whom were normal (2 of them used in a pilot study) and 26 had idiopathic hirsutism, 0, 12 and 24 h after injection of ACTH-depot. Results: among hirsute women, we identified different responses that could diagnose any blockage in the steroid pathways leading to the diagnosis of a mild/moderate decreased adrenal function. The 17alphaOH-pregnenolone concentrations varied from 2.0 to 24.6 ng/mL, cortisol values increased from 2.1 to 45.3 and 38.4 mug/dL, 17alphaOH-progesterone levels varied from 50.7 to 346 and 218 ng/mL and progesterone increased from 0.3 to 4.4 and 2.2 ng/mL. Among the reticular layer hormones a rise of SDHEA from 274.7 to 495.5 and 505.8 mg/dL, and of androsterone from 1.1 to 4.0 and 4.5 ng/mL was observed, the levels of free testosterone increased from 1.3 to 1.8 and 2.7 pg/mL and the DHEA levels from 2.4 to 4.7 and 8.5 ng/mL. One patient showed 3beta-HSD deficiency and two others a possible 21OH deficiency. Conclusions: these findings suggest that the ACTH-depot test could be used to exclude the adrenal gland as the possible source of hyperandrogenism in women with idiopathic hirsutism.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(9):585-591
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000900008
Purpose: to test the adrenal function by a potent stimulus to its reticular layer verifying 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehy-drogenase (3beta-HSD) and 21-hydroxylase (21OH) enzymatic activities. Methods: plasma concentrations of 17alphaOH-pregneno-lone, 17alphaOH-progesterone, cortisol, progesterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (SDHEA) and free testosterone were determined in 39 women, 13 of whom were normal (2 of them used in a pilot study) and 26 had idiopathic hirsutism, 0, 12 and 24 h after injection of ACTH-depot. Results: among hirsute women, we identified different responses that could diagnose any blockage in the steroid pathways leading to the diagnosis of a mild/moderate decreased adrenal function. The 17alphaOH-pregnenolone concentrations varied from 2.0 to 24.6 ng/mL, cortisol values increased from 2.1 to 45.3 and 38.4 mug/dL, 17alphaOH-progesterone levels varied from 50.7 to 346 and 218 ng/mL and progesterone increased from 0.3 to 4.4 and 2.2 ng/mL. Among the reticular layer hormones a rise of SDHEA from 274.7 to 495.5 and 505.8 mg/dL, and of androsterone from 1.1 to 4.0 and 4.5 ng/mL was observed, the levels of free testosterone increased from 1.3 to 1.8 and 2.7 pg/mL and the DHEA levels from 2.4 to 4.7 and 8.5 ng/mL. One patient showed 3beta-HSD deficiency and two others a possible 21OH deficiency. Conclusions: these findings suggest that the ACTH-depot test could be used to exclude the adrenal gland as the possible source of hyperandrogenism in women with idiopathic hirsutism.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2001;23(2):107-111
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032001000200008
Purpose: to evaluate the results of a rapid diagnostic test for HIV-1 infection made available by the Health Ministry for the identification of pregnant women contaminated by this virus. Methods: we evaluated prospectively 443 pregnant women with no prenatal serologic anti-HIV test seen at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, from February to June, 2000. Samples from these patients were submitted to the rapid immunochromatographic test, which was compared with ELISA and submitted to a confirmatory agglutination test. Results: among the 443 pregnant women submitted to the rapid test (20.1% of the deliveries performed during the study period), 16 showed positive results (3.6%). No sample with a negative result by the rapid test was positive by ELISA. However, of the 16 samples that were positive by the rapid test, two were negative by the confirmatory tests. Thus, the rapid test showed 100.0% sensitivity, 99.5% specificity, 87.5% positive predictive value, and 100.0% negative predictive value. Conclusions: the results obtained by evaluation of the test for a rapid diagnosis of HIV-1 infection in pregnant women revealed sensitivity, specificity and predictive values that qualify it as an extremely important resource for the indication of measures that will reduce perinatal transmission of this virus.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2001;23(2):107-111
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032001000200008
Purpose: to evaluate the results of a rapid diagnostic test for HIV-1 infection made available by the Health Ministry for the identification of pregnant women contaminated by this virus. Methods: we evaluated prospectively 443 pregnant women with no prenatal serologic anti-HIV test seen at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, from February to June, 2000. Samples from these patients were submitted to the rapid immunochromatographic test, which was compared with ELISA and submitted to a confirmatory agglutination test. Results: among the 443 pregnant women submitted to the rapid test (20.1% of the deliveries performed during the study period), 16 showed positive results (3.6%). No sample with a negative result by the rapid test was positive by ELISA. However, of the 16 samples that were positive by the rapid test, two were negative by the confirmatory tests. Thus, the rapid test showed 100.0% sensitivity, 99.5% specificity, 87.5% positive predictive value, and 100.0% negative predictive value. Conclusions: the results obtained by evaluation of the test for a rapid diagnosis of HIV-1 infection in pregnant women revealed sensitivity, specificity and predictive values that qualify it as an extremely important resource for the indication of measures that will reduce perinatal transmission of this virus.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(8):475-479
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000800002
Purpose: to evaluate the bone mineral density of postmenopausal women with previous hysterectomy and with bilateral ovarian conservation compared to a group of nonhysterectomized naturally menopausal women. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study of bone densitometry (Lunar DPX) in 30 menopausal women hysterectomized when in the premenopause compared with 102 naturally postmenopausal women. Results: the mean age, body mass index, color of the skin, smoking habits, educational level, menarche, parity and previous tubal ligation were similar in the studied groups. Bone mineral density average and the T-score of the three femural sites analyzed by the Bonferroni test did not show significant differences. The bone mineral density average and the T-score of the lumbar spine were analyzed by the Student t test and did not show statistical differences. Conclusion: these findings suggest that premenopausal hysterectomy with bilateral ovarian conservation does not cause an additional reduction in bone mineral content when evaluated in the postmenopause.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(8):475-479
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000800002
Purpose: to evaluate the bone mineral density of postmenopausal women with previous hysterectomy and with bilateral ovarian conservation compared to a group of nonhysterectomized naturally menopausal women. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study of bone densitometry (Lunar DPX) in 30 menopausal women hysterectomized when in the premenopause compared with 102 naturally postmenopausal women. Results: the mean age, body mass index, color of the skin, smoking habits, educational level, menarche, parity and previous tubal ligation were similar in the studied groups. Bone mineral density average and the T-score of the three femural sites analyzed by the Bonferroni test did not show significant differences. The bone mineral density average and the T-score of the lumbar spine were analyzed by the Student t test and did not show statistical differences. Conclusion: these findings suggest that premenopausal hysterectomy with bilateral ovarian conservation does not cause an additional reduction in bone mineral content when evaluated in the postmenopause.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(8):481-487
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000800003
Purpose: based on the knowledge that the reliability of an instrument is essential for a correct interpretation of the results of research, the purpose of the present study is to evaluate the reliability of one of the menopausal indexes more often used in clinical practice and research, the Blatt and Kupperman Menopausal Index (BKMI). Methods: the population consisted of 60 climacteric patients attended at the Gynecology Outpatient Clinic of the Lauro Wanderley University Hospital of the Federal University of Paraíba in João Pessoa city. The reliability coefficient was analyzed by the test-retest method, whose application was done on two different occasions with an interval of four weeks, without administration of medicines. Results: the variation of the score observed with the application of BKMI at the first measurement was 2 to 41, with a median of 18 and mean of 18.8 (± 10.76), while at the second measurement, the menopausal index was 20.2 (± 10.51), median 19, and values ranging from 2 to 39. Despite these results, a Speaman (r s) coefficient of 0.68 (p = 0.001), which is a coefficient of only moderate intensity, was observed. Conclusions: the test-retest reliability in the application of the BKMI shows that, although this instrument presented a statistically moderate reliability, the intensity observed does not represent a reliable measurement. Considering that a correlational study is only a type of screening of the quality of a measurement method, we concluded that other studies must be performed with the purpose of evaluating the reliability and the validity of the BKMI. It is possible that the attribuition of different values to the items of BKMI and the inclusion of symptoms directly related to the estrogenic defficiency, like symptoms of vaginal atrophy, would make the instrument more reliable.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(8):481-487
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000800003
Purpose: based on the knowledge that the reliability of an instrument is essential for a correct interpretation of the results of research, the purpose of the present study is to evaluate the reliability of one of the menopausal indexes more often used in clinical practice and research, the Blatt and Kupperman Menopausal Index (BKMI). Methods: the population consisted of 60 climacteric patients attended at the Gynecology Outpatient Clinic of the Lauro Wanderley University Hospital of the Federal University of Paraíba in João Pessoa city. The reliability coefficient was analyzed by the test-retest method, whose application was done on two different occasions with an interval of four weeks, without administration of medicines. Results: the variation of the score observed with the application of BKMI at the first measurement was 2 to 41, with a median of 18 and mean of 18.8 (± 10.76), while at the second measurement, the menopausal index was 20.2 (± 10.51), median 19, and values ranging from 2 to 39. Despite these results, a Speaman (r s) coefficient of 0.68 (p = 0.001), which is a coefficient of only moderate intensity, was observed. Conclusions: the test-retest reliability in the application of the BKMI shows that, although this instrument presented a statistically moderate reliability, the intensity observed does not represent a reliable measurement. Considering that a correlational study is only a type of screening of the quality of a measurement method, we concluded that other studies must be performed with the purpose of evaluating the reliability and the validity of the BKMI. It is possible that the attribuition of different values to the items of BKMI and the inclusion of symptoms directly related to the estrogenic defficiency, like symptoms of vaginal atrophy, would make the instrument more reliable.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(8):489-493
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000800004
Purpose: to study the effect of copaíba oil on the uterine cervix of oophorectomized rats. Method: 120 female adults were used, divided into four groups: control, water, corn oil and copaíba oil. All animals were submitted to bilateral oophorectomy, and kept in cages for twenty days before applying the substances. These substances were applied by vaginal route at a dose of 0.3 ml, once a day until the predetermined day of sacrifice (7, 14 e 21 days). Results: the animals from the copaíba oil group showed on all days of the study exuberant, keratinous stratified squamous epithelium with about 10 epithelial cell layers and the chorion with conjunctive tissue, fibroblasts, collagen fibers, blood vessels and some leukocytes. Conclusions: The copaíba oil used in this experimental model promoted a thickening of the epithelium, which was keratinous stratified squamous, and epithelium increase was progressive along the study.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(8):489-493
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000800004
Purpose: to study the effect of copaíba oil on the uterine cervix of oophorectomized rats. Method: 120 female adults were used, divided into four groups: control, water, corn oil and copaíba oil. All animals were submitted to bilateral oophorectomy, and kept in cages for twenty days before applying the substances. These substances were applied by vaginal route at a dose of 0.3 ml, once a day until the predetermined day of sacrifice (7, 14 e 21 days). Results: the animals from the copaíba oil group showed on all days of the study exuberant, keratinous stratified squamous epithelium with about 10 epithelial cell layers and the chorion with conjunctive tissue, fibroblasts, collagen fibers, blood vessels and some leukocytes. Conclusions: The copaíba oil used in this experimental model promoted a thickening of the epithelium, which was keratinous stratified squamous, and epithelium increase was progressive along the study.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(8):495-502
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000800005
Purpose: to critically evaluate the histopathologic findings and the cost/benefit relation of dilatation and uterine curettage (D&C) in the evaluation of the abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). Method: retrospective analysis of the histopathological findings in 542 D&C performed for AUB in the Department of Gynecology of the Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FCM-UERJ), between January 1984 and January 1994. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 - patients <=50 years (385 D&C) and Group 2 -- patients >50 years (157 D&C). Cases of urgency curettage were excluded from the study. All the curettages were accomplished under narcosis. The mean hospitalization lenght was three days. A histopa-thological finding of proliferative, secretory, atrophic or iatrogenic type endometrium was considered a negative pathological result. The term iatrogenic refers to the endometrium under possible influence of hormonal medication. When the histopathological finding evidenced some lesion, this was considered a positive pathological result. Results: in Group 1 there was a negative pathological result in 50.2% of the cases, positive pathological result in 39.7% of the cases, and insufficient material for diagnosis (IMD) in 10.1% of the cases. Endometrial polyp and submucosal leiomyoma were found in only 5.5% and 4.4%, respectively. Cancer was an uncommon observation in that group, endometrial adenocarcinoma (EAC) (five cases) being found in only 1.3% of the cases, in a relation of 77 D&C to one EAC. In Group 2, a negative pathological result was observed in 38.3% of the cases, positive pathological result in 38.1% of the cases and IMD in 23.6% of the cases. Endometrial polyp and submucosal leiomyoma were found only in 5.1% and 0.6%, respectively. Malignant lesions were found in 12% of the cases EAC being 9.5% (15 cases), showing a relation of one EAC to 10 D&C. Conclusions: according to the current knowledge on the etiology of AUB, this study showed that traditional diagnostic D&C has low accuracy in the evaluation of AUB and a cost/benefit relation incompatible with current medicine. Therefore, it should not be the examination of first choice. Considering, however, that EAC was found in one of each 10 D&C in women >50 years with a complaint of uterine bleeding, D&C can be indicated with more liberality in that group, if hysteroscopy with directed biopsy is not available. Nowadays, D&C does not play such a significant a role in the diagnosis of AUB as it did some years ago. However, the procedure is still indicated in some situations and it cannot be abandoned, and its indication should obey restricted criteria.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(8):495-502
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000800005
Purpose: to critically evaluate the histopathologic findings and the cost/benefit relation of dilatation and uterine curettage (D&C) in the evaluation of the abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). Method: retrospective analysis of the histopathological findings in 542 D&C performed for AUB in the Department of Gynecology of the Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FCM-UERJ), between January 1984 and January 1994. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 - patients <=50 years (385 D&C) and Group 2 -- patients >50 years (157 D&C). Cases of urgency curettage were excluded from the study. All the curettages were accomplished under narcosis. The mean hospitalization lenght was three days. A histopa-thological finding of proliferative, secretory, atrophic or iatrogenic type endometrium was considered a negative pathological result. The term iatrogenic refers to the endometrium under possible influence of hormonal medication. When the histopathological finding evidenced some lesion, this was considered a positive pathological result. Results: in Group 1 there was a negative pathological result in 50.2% of the cases, positive pathological result in 39.7% of the cases, and insufficient material for diagnosis (IMD) in 10.1% of the cases. Endometrial polyp and submucosal leiomyoma were found in only 5.5% and 4.4%, respectively. Cancer was an uncommon observation in that group, endometrial adenocarcinoma (EAC) (five cases) being found in only 1.3% of the cases, in a relation of 77 D&C to one EAC. In Group 2, a negative pathological result was observed in 38.3% of the cases, positive pathological result in 38.1% of the cases and IMD in 23.6% of the cases. Endometrial polyp and submucosal leiomyoma were found only in 5.1% and 0.6%, respectively. Malignant lesions were found in 12% of the cases EAC being 9.5% (15 cases), showing a relation of one EAC to 10 D&C. Conclusions: according to the current knowledge on the etiology of AUB, this study showed that traditional diagnostic D&C has low accuracy in the evaluation of AUB and a cost/benefit relation incompatible with current medicine. Therefore, it should not be the examination of first choice. Considering, however, that EAC was found in one of each 10 D&C in women >50 years with a complaint of uterine bleeding, D&C can be indicated with more liberality in that group, if hysteroscopy with directed biopsy is not available. Nowadays, D&C does not play such a significant a role in the diagnosis of AUB as it did some years ago. However, the procedure is still indicated in some situations and it cannot be abandoned, and its indication should obey restricted criteria.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(8):503-510
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000800006
Purpose: to analyze the relationship between the values of pH at birth, fetal surveillance examinatios and neonatal results. Methods: one thousand, three hundred and forty-six high-risk pregnancies were evaluated at the Fetal Surveillance Unit. The assessment of fetal well-being included cardiotocography, fetal biophysical profile and amniotic fluid index. After birth, the perinatal results (gestational age at birth, birth weight, Apgar scores at 1st and 5th minutes, umbilical cord pH at birth) were collected. To study the results, the patients were divided into four groups: G1 (pH <7.05), G2 (pH between 7.05 and 7.14), G3 (pH between 7.15 and 7.19) and G4 (pH > or = 7.20). Results: the abnormal patterns of cardiotocography were associated with pH at birth inferior to 7.20 (p = 0.001). Abnormal results of the fetal biophysical profile (<=4) were related to decrease in pH values at birth (p<0.001). The adverse neonatal outcomes were associated with acidosis at birth, and they were selected to be analyzed by the logistic regression model, showing that the odds ratio of each adverse neonatal outcome increases significantly when the values of pH at birth decrease. Conclusions: significant correlation was found between the values of pH at birth and adverse neonatal results, providing the possibility to estimate the risk of neonatal complications according to the pH values at birth.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(8):503-510
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000800006
Purpose: to analyze the relationship between the values of pH at birth, fetal surveillance examinatios and neonatal results. Methods: one thousand, three hundred and forty-six high-risk pregnancies were evaluated at the Fetal Surveillance Unit. The assessment of fetal well-being included cardiotocography, fetal biophysical profile and amniotic fluid index. After birth, the perinatal results (gestational age at birth, birth weight, Apgar scores at 1st and 5th minutes, umbilical cord pH at birth) were collected. To study the results, the patients were divided into four groups: G1 (pH <7.05), G2 (pH between 7.05 and 7.14), G3 (pH between 7.15 and 7.19) and G4 (pH > or = 7.20). Results: the abnormal patterns of cardiotocography were associated with pH at birth inferior to 7.20 (p = 0.001). Abnormal results of the fetal biophysical profile (<=4) were related to decrease in pH values at birth (p<0.001). The adverse neonatal outcomes were associated with acidosis at birth, and they were selected to be analyzed by the logistic regression model, showing that the odds ratio of each adverse neonatal outcome increases significantly when the values of pH at birth decrease. Conclusions: significant correlation was found between the values of pH at birth and adverse neonatal results, providing the possibility to estimate the risk of neonatal complications according to the pH values at birth.
