Trabalhos Originais Archives - Page 15 of 50 - Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2004;26(7):509-515
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004000700002
PURPOSE: to analyze vaginal contents using the fresh wet mount of a cytological exam in the first prenatal visit of women with or without genital complaints and correlate the conclusion with the results from the Pap smears. Microscopy during pregnancy should be valued and recognized as a method capable of providing immediate diagnosis in 90% of bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis and trichomoniasis cases. METHODS: a prospective study was performed in 216 pregnant women selected from the prenatal department of a public hospital, between October 30, 2001 and November 12, 2002. Two samples were collected from the posterior vaginal vault and deposited onto two separate microscope slides. To one slide, a droplet of 0.9% NaCl was applied and to the other, a droplet of 10% KOH. Both slides were covered with a coverslip for immediate microscopic evaluation. Tests were perfomed in one drop of the material to examine pH and whiff. The microscopic examination of the material was carried out at a 100X, 400X and exceptionally 1000X magnification. Pap smears were performed in all pregnant patients. The correlation between the results of the utilized cytological methods was perfomed by the kappa coefficient, which evaluates the concordance for quality variables. RESULTS: the findings of the normal vaginal microflora in the fresh wet mount were 7.8%, representing the most observed cytological aspect, and without correspondence with the 3.70% verified by the Pap smears. In the fresh wet mount, bacterial vaginosis was found in 30.9% and candidiasis in 7.9% of the cases. However, in the Pap smears no similar event occurred, the diagnosis being 0.7 and 24.3%, respectively. The absence of a diagnosis correlation of nonspecific bacterial vaginitis by direct microscopy (17.5%) and Pap smears (51.3%) is probably due to the undervalued diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis by the latter method. The diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis observed in both cytological methods (3.70 and 2.78%) represents a low prevalence of these parasites in the course of pregnancy. The kappa coefficient between the two cytological procedures in the several microbiological findings showed low correlation of the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis with nonspecific vaginitis, as well as the normal vaginal flora. CONCLUSIONS: although the Pap smear presents the best accuracy of the diagnosis of yeast without pseudomycelium, the fresh wet mount has shown to be a better appraiser of nonepithelial cells the vaginal smears. Because Pap smears allow a better evaluation of vaginal epithelial cells, they represent the most important tool to show the aggressions and reactions of the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2004;26(7):509-515
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004000700002
PURPOSE: to analyze vaginal contents using the fresh wet mount of a cytological exam in the first prenatal visit of women with or without genital complaints and correlate the conclusion with the results from the Pap smears. Microscopy during pregnancy should be valued and recognized as a method capable of providing immediate diagnosis in 90% of bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis and trichomoniasis cases. METHODS: a prospective study was performed in 216 pregnant women selected from the prenatal department of a public hospital, between October 30, 2001 and November 12, 2002. Two samples were collected from the posterior vaginal vault and deposited onto two separate microscope slides. To one slide, a droplet of 0.9% NaCl was applied and to the other, a droplet of 10% KOH. Both slides were covered with a coverslip for immediate microscopic evaluation. Tests were perfomed in one drop of the material to examine pH and whiff. The microscopic examination of the material was carried out at a 100X, 400X and exceptionally 1000X magnification. Pap smears were performed in all pregnant patients. The correlation between the results of the utilized cytological methods was perfomed by the kappa coefficient, which evaluates the concordance for quality variables. RESULTS: the findings of the normal vaginal microflora in the fresh wet mount were 7.8%, representing the most observed cytological aspect, and without correspondence with the 3.70% verified by the Pap smears. In the fresh wet mount, bacterial vaginosis was found in 30.9% and candidiasis in 7.9% of the cases. However, in the Pap smears no similar event occurred, the diagnosis being 0.7 and 24.3%, respectively. The absence of a diagnosis correlation of nonspecific bacterial vaginitis by direct microscopy (17.5%) and Pap smears (51.3%) is probably due to the undervalued diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis by the latter method. The diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis observed in both cytological methods (3.70 and 2.78%) represents a low prevalence of these parasites in the course of pregnancy. The kappa coefficient between the two cytological procedures in the several microbiological findings showed low correlation of the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis with nonspecific vaginitis, as well as the normal vaginal flora. CONCLUSIONS: although the Pap smear presents the best accuracy of the diagnosis of yeast without pseudomycelium, the fresh wet mount has shown to be a better appraiser of nonepithelial cells the vaginal smears. Because Pap smears allow a better evaluation of vaginal epithelial cells, they represent the most important tool to show the aggressions and reactions of the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2004;26(6):483-488
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004000600010
OBJECTIVE: to determine whether the clinical presentation of hydatidiform mole has changed in the recent years (1992-1998) when compared with historic controls (1960-1981). METHODS: medical records of 80 patients with hydatidiform mole attended in the 1960-1981 period (Group I) were reviewed and compared to data from 801 patients followed in the 1992-1998 period (Group II). The clinical signals and symptoms analyzed were: age distribution, number of pregnancies, vaginal bleeding, hyperemesis, edema, hypertension, large uterus for gestation date and theca lutein cysts of the ovaries. Statistical analyses employed chi-square tests and odds ratio (OR) estimate with the confidence interval (CI) of 95%. RESULTS: concerning age, the disease occurred more frequently in group II than in group I, in patients under 15 and over 40 years old. As to the number of pregnancies, there was no statistical difference only in those patients who were in their third or fourth pregnancies. Arterial hypertension was the only symptom that occurred with similar frequency in both groups. Enlarged uterus was more frequent in group II (41.4 X 31.2% - p <0.05; OR: 1.5; IC: 1.0-2.3). Bleeding remained the most common symptom, occurring in 76.9% of patients (Group II), although it has occurred in 98.7% of the historic controls (p<0.05; OR: 0.04; IC: 0.03 0.04). The following symptoms were also less frequent in group II as compared to group I: hyperemesis (36.5% X 45% - p<0.05; OR: 0.7; IC: 0.4 0.9), edema (12.7% X 20% - p<0.05, OR: 0.5, IC: 0.3 0.8), enlarged uterus for gestational age (41.4% x 31.2% - p<0.05; OR: 1.5; IC: 1.0 2.3) and theca lutein cysts (16.4% X 41.2% - p<0.05; OR: 0.3; IC: 0.2 0.4). Ultrasound has become the commonest method of diagnosis (89.2% - p<0.05), allowing early detection of hydatidiform moles. CONCLUSION: there was a decrease of the traditional symptoms in current patients with hydatidiform mole as compared to historic controls, due to early diagnosis through ultrasonography.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2004;26(6):483-488
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004000600010
OBJECTIVE: to determine whether the clinical presentation of hydatidiform mole has changed in the recent years (1992-1998) when compared with historic controls (1960-1981). METHODS: medical records of 80 patients with hydatidiform mole attended in the 1960-1981 period (Group I) were reviewed and compared to data from 801 patients followed in the 1992-1998 period (Group II). The clinical signals and symptoms analyzed were: age distribution, number of pregnancies, vaginal bleeding, hyperemesis, edema, hypertension, large uterus for gestation date and theca lutein cysts of the ovaries. Statistical analyses employed chi-square tests and odds ratio (OR) estimate with the confidence interval (CI) of 95%. RESULTS: concerning age, the disease occurred more frequently in group II than in group I, in patients under 15 and over 40 years old. As to the number of pregnancies, there was no statistical difference only in those patients who were in their third or fourth pregnancies. Arterial hypertension was the only symptom that occurred with similar frequency in both groups. Enlarged uterus was more frequent in group II (41.4 X 31.2% - p <0.05; OR: 1.5; IC: 1.0-2.3). Bleeding remained the most common symptom, occurring in 76.9% of patients (Group II), although it has occurred in 98.7% of the historic controls (p<0.05; OR: 0.04; IC: 0.03 0.04). The following symptoms were also less frequent in group II as compared to group I: hyperemesis (36.5% X 45% - p<0.05; OR: 0.7; IC: 0.4 0.9), edema (12.7% X 20% - p<0.05, OR: 0.5, IC: 0.3 0.8), enlarged uterus for gestational age (41.4% x 31.2% - p<0.05; OR: 1.5; IC: 1.0 2.3) and theca lutein cysts (16.4% X 41.2% - p<0.05; OR: 0.3; IC: 0.2 0.4). Ultrasound has become the commonest method of diagnosis (89.2% - p<0.05), allowing early detection of hydatidiform moles. CONCLUSION: there was a decrease of the traditional symptoms in current patients with hydatidiform mole as compared to historic controls, due to early diagnosis through ultrasonography.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2004;26(6):477-482
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004000600009
OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the neonatal morbidity and mortality related to mothers at the age of 35 or older than that. METHODS: in 2377 births in a year, 316 newborns (13.26%) from mothers at the age of 35 or more were selected for the study. These women were compared to pregnant controls aged 20 to 29, randomly selected among the 1170 women in the same age group (49,2%). For the inclusion criteria, pregnancies should have been over 22 weeks and the newborns should have weighted 500g or more at birth. Fourteen twin cases were excluded. To evaluate mortality and morbidity the following variables were considered: Apgar Index, birth weight, newborn health conditions, fetal malformations and neonatal mortality until hospital discharge. RESULTS: when analyzed as a whole, nulliparous and multiparous women showed significantly less favorable perinatal results for the selected group of women at 35 or more years old as compared with pregnant controls, what was not sustained when the nulliparous were excluded. Multiparous at the age of 35 or over presented a higher rate of low Apgar index in the 1st minute: 21.3 and 13.1%: (p<0,0033); small NB for the gestational age: 15.2% and 6.7% (p<0,02); big NB for the gestational age: 5.7 and 0.0% (p<0,02); low weight at birth: 23.8 and 14,5% (p<0,01), and prematurity, 16,7 and 6,7%, (p<0,005). Significant differences were not found for the Apgar index in the 5th minute, fetal malformations, newborn health conditions at hospital discharge and neonatal mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Neonatal morbidity increased among pregnant women at the age of 35 and older, but not the neonatal mortality.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2004;26(6):477-482
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004000600009
OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the neonatal morbidity and mortality related to mothers at the age of 35 or older than that. METHODS: in 2377 births in a year, 316 newborns (13.26%) from mothers at the age of 35 or more were selected for the study. These women were compared to pregnant controls aged 20 to 29, randomly selected among the 1170 women in the same age group (49,2%). For the inclusion criteria, pregnancies should have been over 22 weeks and the newborns should have weighted 500g or more at birth. Fourteen twin cases were excluded. To evaluate mortality and morbidity the following variables were considered: Apgar Index, birth weight, newborn health conditions, fetal malformations and neonatal mortality until hospital discharge. RESULTS: when analyzed as a whole, nulliparous and multiparous women showed significantly less favorable perinatal results for the selected group of women at 35 or more years old as compared with pregnant controls, what was not sustained when the nulliparous were excluded. Multiparous at the age of 35 or over presented a higher rate of low Apgar index in the 1st minute: 21.3 and 13.1%: (p<0,0033); small NB for the gestational age: 15.2% and 6.7% (p<0,02); big NB for the gestational age: 5.7 and 0.0% (p<0,02); low weight at birth: 23.8 and 14,5% (p<0,01), and prematurity, 16,7 and 6,7%, (p<0,005). Significant differences were not found for the Apgar index in the 5th minute, fetal malformations, newborn health conditions at hospital discharge and neonatal mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Neonatal morbidity increased among pregnant women at the age of 35 and older, but not the neonatal mortality.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2004;26(6):471-475
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004000600008
OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the correlation between the beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) serum levels and the measurement of the endometrial thickness, in patients under treatment of ectopic pregnancy with methotrexate. METHODS: a prospective study in which the levels of beta-hCG as well as the largest measurement of the endometrial thickness on the uterine longitudinal axis through transvaginal ultrasound were evaluated at 24-48 h intervals in thirty-eight patients with hemodynamic stability, ectopic pregnancy, diameter <3.5 cm, and increased beta-hCG levels. All the patients got methotrexate in a single-dose therapy (50 mg/m² im). We compared the mean values of beta-hCG and endometrial thickness of cases that evolved successfully versus the poor responders using the Student t-test. Afterwards we analyzed the difference of the beta-hCG mean serum values related to the endometrial thickness(<10.0 mm and >10.0 mm) independently of the response to treatment employing the Student t-test. RESULTS: the mean values of beta-hCG and endometrial thickness in patients with successful treatment (28 cases) were 1936.2 mIU/ml and 6.4 mm, respectively, significanlty lower than the mean values for insuccessful cases: 6831.3 mIU/ml and 11.7 mm, respectively (p<0.05). The mean values of beta-hCG in women with endometrial thickness <10.0 mm were 2008.7 mIU/ml, significantly lower than the ones with endometrium >10.0 mm, whose mean values were 6925.9 mIU/ml (<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: the measurement of the endometrial thickness through ultrasound is under the beta-hCG serum values influence, and it showed to be a valuable additional factor to suggest medical treatment with methotrexate in the non-disrupted ectopic pregnancy.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2004;26(6):471-475
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004000600008
OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the correlation between the beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) serum levels and the measurement of the endometrial thickness, in patients under treatment of ectopic pregnancy with methotrexate. METHODS: a prospective study in which the levels of beta-hCG as well as the largest measurement of the endometrial thickness on the uterine longitudinal axis through transvaginal ultrasound were evaluated at 24-48 h intervals in thirty-eight patients with hemodynamic stability, ectopic pregnancy, diameter <3.5 cm, and increased beta-hCG levels. All the patients got methotrexate in a single-dose therapy (50 mg/m² im). We compared the mean values of beta-hCG and endometrial thickness of cases that evolved successfully versus the poor responders using the Student t-test. Afterwards we analyzed the difference of the beta-hCG mean serum values related to the endometrial thickness(<10.0 mm and >10.0 mm) independently of the response to treatment employing the Student t-test. RESULTS: the mean values of beta-hCG and endometrial thickness in patients with successful treatment (28 cases) were 1936.2 mIU/ml and 6.4 mm, respectively, significanlty lower than the mean values for insuccessful cases: 6831.3 mIU/ml and 11.7 mm, respectively (p<0.05). The mean values of beta-hCG in women with endometrial thickness <10.0 mm were 2008.7 mIU/ml, significantly lower than the ones with endometrium >10.0 mm, whose mean values were 6925.9 mIU/ml (<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: the measurement of the endometrial thickness through ultrasound is under the beta-hCG serum values influence, and it showed to be a valuable additional factor to suggest medical treatment with methotrexate in the non-disrupted ectopic pregnancy.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2004;26(6):463-469
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004000600007
OBJECTIVE: to evaluate serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the pill-free interval of a combined oral contraceptive containing 20 mg of ethynylestradiol and 75 mg of gestodene. METHODS: thirty-one women from 17 to 36 years old, mean age of 24.5 years old, 19% adolescents, were included. FSH, LH, prolactin (PRL) and estradiol (E2) levels were measured by immunochemoluminescence. Both FSH and LH levels were measured within the last four days of pill intake and on the 7th day of the pill-free interval between two cycles. Hormonal levels were compared by the Student t-test. Comparisons between hormonal and anthropometric data were made by linear regression; values of p < 0.05 were taken as significant. RESULTS: seventy-one percent of women were using the pill for the first time. FSH levels increased from 1.3 to 5.7 mIU/ml between the end of the blister pack and the 7th day of the pill-free interval. LH increased from 0.8 to 4.3 mIU/ml. E2 levels changed from 20.2 to 28.0 pg/ml. The levels of PRL decreased from 12.4 to 10.2 ng/ml. There was no correlation between the changes in gonadotrophin levels and most of the anthropometric parameters in these women, with body mass index < 25 kg/m². CONCLUSION: the gonadotrophin levels detected on the last four days of pill intake were greatly suppressed, recovery of three to four times in amount occurring on the 7th day of the pill-free interval.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2004;26(6):463-469
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004000600007
OBJECTIVE: to evaluate serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the pill-free interval of a combined oral contraceptive containing 20 mg of ethynylestradiol and 75 mg of gestodene. METHODS: thirty-one women from 17 to 36 years old, mean age of 24.5 years old, 19% adolescents, were included. FSH, LH, prolactin (PRL) and estradiol (E2) levels were measured by immunochemoluminescence. Both FSH and LH levels were measured within the last four days of pill intake and on the 7th day of the pill-free interval between two cycles. Hormonal levels were compared by the Student t-test. Comparisons between hormonal and anthropometric data were made by linear regression; values of p < 0.05 were taken as significant. RESULTS: seventy-one percent of women were using the pill for the first time. FSH levels increased from 1.3 to 5.7 mIU/ml between the end of the blister pack and the 7th day of the pill-free interval. LH increased from 0.8 to 4.3 mIU/ml. E2 levels changed from 20.2 to 28.0 pg/ml. The levels of PRL decreased from 12.4 to 10.2 ng/ml. There was no correlation between the changes in gonadotrophin levels and most of the anthropometric parameters in these women, with body mass index < 25 kg/m². CONCLUSION: the gonadotrophin levels detected on the last four days of pill intake were greatly suppressed, recovery of three to four times in amount occurring on the 7th day of the pill-free interval.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2004;26(6):457-462
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004000600006
OBJECTIVE: to assess the ability of Pap smear and hybrid capture II (HCII) to detect clinically significant cervical lesions (CIN2/3) in women referred to hospital due to atypical squamous cells of unknown significance (ASCUS) or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL). METHODS: a cross-sectional study comprising 161 women referred to the Taubaté University Hospital due to ASCUS/LSIL, between August 2000 and September 2002. All women responded to a questionnaire regarding sociodemographic and reproductive characteristics and were subjected to gynecological examination with specimen collection for Pap test and HCII, along with colposcopy and eventual cervical biopsy. The relationship between HCII results and age, use of condom, oral hormonal contraception, and smoking were evaluated by the chi-square test. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of both Pap test and HCII were calculated. All calculations were performed within 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: sixty-seven percent of the women that tested positive for HPV were less than 30 years old. Pap smear and HCII showed the same 82% sensitivity in detecting CIN2/3 when the threshold for a positive Pap result was ASCUS, LSIL or HSIL. Pap smear specificity and positive predictive values were substantially increased when only HSIL results were considered as positive (from 29 to 95% and 12 to 50%, respectively). These figures were superior to those of HCII, but at the expense of an expressive loss of sensitivity (from 82% to 41%). CONCLUSIONS: our results substantiate the potential of HCII in detecting CIN2/3 among women referred due to ASCUS/LSIL.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2004;26(6):457-462
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004000600006
OBJECTIVE: to assess the ability of Pap smear and hybrid capture II (HCII) to detect clinically significant cervical lesions (CIN2/3) in women referred to hospital due to atypical squamous cells of unknown significance (ASCUS) or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL). METHODS: a cross-sectional study comprising 161 women referred to the Taubaté University Hospital due to ASCUS/LSIL, between August 2000 and September 2002. All women responded to a questionnaire regarding sociodemographic and reproductive characteristics and were subjected to gynecological examination with specimen collection for Pap test and HCII, along with colposcopy and eventual cervical biopsy. The relationship between HCII results and age, use of condom, oral hormonal contraception, and smoking were evaluated by the chi-square test. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of both Pap test and HCII were calculated. All calculations were performed within 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: sixty-seven percent of the women that tested positive for HPV were less than 30 years old. Pap smear and HCII showed the same 82% sensitivity in detecting CIN2/3 when the threshold for a positive Pap result was ASCUS, LSIL or HSIL. Pap smear specificity and positive predictive values were substantially increased when only HSIL results were considered as positive (from 29 to 95% and 12 to 50%, respectively). These figures were superior to those of HCII, but at the expense of an expressive loss of sensitivity (from 82% to 41%). CONCLUSIONS: our results substantiate the potential of HCII in detecting CIN2/3 among women referred due to ASCUS/LSIL.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2004;26(6):449-454
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004000600005
OBJECTIVE: to study the effect of a single contraceptive implant of nomegestrol acetate (Uniplant) on the ovarian function, cervical mucus production and sperm penetration, when inserted in women in the preovulatory phase. METHODS: twenty women with regular menstrual cycles were included in an open comparative study. All participants were investigated during one menstrual cycle before (control) and one menstrual cycle after implant insertion. Measurements of estradiol, LH, and progesterone, as well as transvaginal sonography, cervical mucus examination and sperm penetration test, were carried out. Statistical analysis was performed with the paired t-test and the non-parametric test of Wilcoxon. RESULTS: all control cycles were ovulatory and presented normal parameters. Preovulatory estradiol and LH peak decreased significantly from 603.2 ± 78.0 pmo/l and 22.5 ± 6.5 IU/l at pre-insertion to 380.7 ± 51.9 pmol/l and 4.9 ± 1.3 IU/l 48 hours after implant insertion (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Progesterone levels did not vary significantly (control cycle = 49.8 ± 3.3 nmol/l and treated cycle = 43.2 ± 5.2 nmol/l). Cervical mucus and sperm penetration tests were profoundly affected in 10.5% of the users 20 h after implant insertion, in 68.5% after 24 h and in 100% after 48 h. Follicular rupture occurred in the majority of the cycles 48 h after implant insertion. CONCLUSIONS: the use of a single implant of nomegestrol acetate affected estradiol and LH preovulatory peaks and disrupted the process of cervical mucus production and sperm penetration, but it was unable to prevent ovulation when inserted at the preovulatory phase, which reinforces the need to insert the implant during the first five days of the menstrual cycle.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2004;26(6):449-454
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004000600005
OBJECTIVE: to study the effect of a single contraceptive implant of nomegestrol acetate (Uniplant) on the ovarian function, cervical mucus production and sperm penetration, when inserted in women in the preovulatory phase. METHODS: twenty women with regular menstrual cycles were included in an open comparative study. All participants were investigated during one menstrual cycle before (control) and one menstrual cycle after implant insertion. Measurements of estradiol, LH, and progesterone, as well as transvaginal sonography, cervical mucus examination and sperm penetration test, were carried out. Statistical analysis was performed with the paired t-test and the non-parametric test of Wilcoxon. RESULTS: all control cycles were ovulatory and presented normal parameters. Preovulatory estradiol and LH peak decreased significantly from 603.2 ± 78.0 pmo/l and 22.5 ± 6.5 IU/l at pre-insertion to 380.7 ± 51.9 pmol/l and 4.9 ± 1.3 IU/l 48 hours after implant insertion (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Progesterone levels did not vary significantly (control cycle = 49.8 ± 3.3 nmol/l and treated cycle = 43.2 ± 5.2 nmol/l). Cervical mucus and sperm penetration tests were profoundly affected in 10.5% of the users 20 h after implant insertion, in 68.5% after 24 h and in 100% after 48 h. Follicular rupture occurred in the majority of the cycles 48 h after implant insertion. CONCLUSIONS: the use of a single implant of nomegestrol acetate affected estradiol and LH preovulatory peaks and disrupted the process of cervical mucus production and sperm penetration, but it was unable to prevent ovulation when inserted at the preovulatory phase, which reinforces the need to insert the implant during the first five days of the menstrual cycle.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2004;26(6):441-447
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004000600004
OBJECTIVE: to compare Baden and Walker's (BW) classification system to the International Continence Society (ICS) standardization of terminology of female pelvic organ prolapse. METHODS: information about urogynecological investigation on 101 women, performed by the Urogynecology and Vaginal Surgery Sector of UNIFESP/EPM, was retrospectively analyzed. Only patients who had undergone the standard ICS exam which quantifies the pelvic prolapse were selected. According to ICS, the prolapse is analyzed through a standard reference system relating the hymen to the anatomic position of six vaginal points: two in the anterior vaginal wall, two in the vaginal apex and other two in the posterior vaginal wall. The maximum amount of pelvic organ prolapse was viewed and recorded during a Valsalva's maneuver. The measurement of the most distal point of the prolapse was performed and it was compared to the BW classification system. The data were analyzed by kappa statistics, to assess the concordance between the two terminologies. RESULTS: There was total correspondence only for the posterior vaginal prolapse stage IV (one patient) and for the uterus prolapse stage 0 (29 patients) with severe rectocele and absence of prolapse, respectively, according to BW. In the three types of prolapses evaluated, the values of kappa statistics were below 0.4, indicating a weak concordance between the two terminologies. There is an extensive variation in the measurement of the most distal point of prolapse when the BW classification is perfomed. CONCLUSIONS: there is a weak concordance between the BW classification system and the ICS standardization of terminology of female pelvic organ prolapse.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2004;26(6):441-447
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004000600004
OBJECTIVE: to compare Baden and Walker's (BW) classification system to the International Continence Society (ICS) standardization of terminology of female pelvic organ prolapse. METHODS: information about urogynecological investigation on 101 women, performed by the Urogynecology and Vaginal Surgery Sector of UNIFESP/EPM, was retrospectively analyzed. Only patients who had undergone the standard ICS exam which quantifies the pelvic prolapse were selected. According to ICS, the prolapse is analyzed through a standard reference system relating the hymen to the anatomic position of six vaginal points: two in the anterior vaginal wall, two in the vaginal apex and other two in the posterior vaginal wall. The maximum amount of pelvic organ prolapse was viewed and recorded during a Valsalva's maneuver. The measurement of the most distal point of the prolapse was performed and it was compared to the BW classification system. The data were analyzed by kappa statistics, to assess the concordance between the two terminologies. RESULTS: There was total correspondence only for the posterior vaginal prolapse stage IV (one patient) and for the uterus prolapse stage 0 (29 patients) with severe rectocele and absence of prolapse, respectively, according to BW. In the three types of prolapses evaluated, the values of kappa statistics were below 0.4, indicating a weak concordance between the two terminologies. There is an extensive variation in the measurement of the most distal point of prolapse when the BW classification is perfomed. CONCLUSIONS: there is a weak concordance between the BW classification system and the ICS standardization of terminology of female pelvic organ prolapse.