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Review Article
Pregnancy in Patients with Non-cirrhotic Portal Hypertension: A Literature Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(6):609-613
08-15-2022
Summary
Review ArticlePregnancy in Patients with Non-cirrhotic Portal Hypertension: A Literature Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(6):609-613
08-15-2022Views155See moreAbstract
Pregnancy in non-cirrhotic portal hypertension (NCPH) is an uncommon condition. Its management is challenging both to the obstetricians as well as to the gastroenterologists due to the lack of more extensive studies and standard clinical practice guidelines. These patients are at increased risk of portal hypertension (PTH) complications, especially variceal bleeding, and with an increased incidence of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Hence, a multidisciplinary approach is required for management of pregnancy in NCPH. This short review describes the different aspects of pregnancy with NCPH, emphasizing specific strategies for preventing and managing PTH from the preconceptional period to postpartum.
Views155
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Summary
Review ArticlePregnancy in Patients with Non-cirrhotic Portal Hypertension: A Literature Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(6):609-613
08-15-2022Views155See moreAbstract
Pregnancy in non-cirrhotic portal hypertension (NCPH) is an uncommon condition. Its management is challenging both to the obstetricians as well as to the gastroenterologists due to the lack of more extensive studies and standard clinical practice guidelines. These patients are at increased risk of portal hypertension (PTH) complications, especially variceal bleeding, and with an increased incidence of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Hence, a multidisciplinary approach is required for management of pregnancy in NCPH. This short review describes the different aspects of pregnancy with NCPH, emphasizing specific strategies for preventing and managing PTH from the preconceptional period to postpartum.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
Review Article
The Correlation between Chlamydia Trachomatis and Female Infertility: A Systematic Review
- Laura Gazal Passos
, - Paula Terraciano ,
- Nicole Wolf ,
- Fernanda dos Santos de Oliveira ,
- Isabel de Almeida , [ ... ],
- Eduardo Pandolfi Passos
08-15-2022
Summary
Review ArticleThe Correlation between Chlamydia Trachomatis and Female Infertility: A Systematic Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(6):614-620
08-15-2022- Laura Gazal Passos ,
- Paula Terraciano ,
- Nicole Wolf ,
- Fernanda dos Santos de Oliveira ,
- Isabel de Almeida ,
- Eduardo Pandolfi Passos
Views350Abstract
The impact of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection on female’s fertility is not completely established yet, since the level of evidence associating these factors is still weak. Hence, the goal of the present review is to contribute to a better elucidation of this matter. The electronic database chosen was the Medline/PubMed, with the last survey on May 11, 2021. Publication date was used as a filter, with the previous 5 years having been selected. The following describers were used: chlamydia trachomatis AND infertility; chlamydia trachomatis AND tubal alteration AND infertility; chlamydia AND low pregnancy rates. From the 322 studies screened, 293 that failed to meet our eligibility criteria were excluded. Subsequently, we removed seven studies for not having the possible correlation between CT infections and female infertility as its main focus, and three for being about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in general. Moreover, two studies designed as reviews were also excluded. Ergo, we included 17 studies in our qualitative analysis. The authors conducted research individually and analyzed carefully the studies selected. As we retrieved the information needed for our study through reading the texts, no contact was made with the authors of the studies selected. This systematic review corroborates the hypothesis that CT infection potentiates female infertility, as 76.47% of the included studies found a positive correlation between them. We conclude that there is an important association between CT infection and female infertility. Ergo, making CT screening part of the infertility investigation routine is relevant and has a reasonable justification.
Key-words Chlamydia trachomatishuman reproductionInfertilitySexually transmitted diseasestubal factor infertilitySee moreViews350This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Summary
Review ArticleThe Correlation between Chlamydia Trachomatis and Female Infertility: A Systematic Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(6):614-620
08-15-2022- Laura Gazal Passos ,
- Paula Terraciano ,
- Nicole Wolf ,
- Fernanda dos Santos de Oliveira ,
- Isabel de Almeida ,
- Eduardo Pandolfi Passos
Views350Abstract
The impact of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection on female’s fertility is not completely established yet, since the level of evidence associating these factors is still weak. Hence, the goal of the present review is to contribute to a better elucidation of this matter. The electronic database chosen was the Medline/PubMed, with the last survey on May 11, 2021. Publication date was used as a filter, with the previous 5 years having been selected. The following describers were used: chlamydia trachomatis AND infertility; chlamydia trachomatis AND tubal alteration AND infertility; chlamydia AND low pregnancy rates. From the 322 studies screened, 293 that failed to meet our eligibility criteria were excluded. Subsequently, we removed seven studies for not having the possible correlation between CT infections and female infertility as its main focus, and three for being about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in general. Moreover, two studies designed as reviews were also excluded. Ergo, we included 17 studies in our qualitative analysis. The authors conducted research individually and analyzed carefully the studies selected. As we retrieved the information needed for our study through reading the texts, no contact was made with the authors of the studies selected. This systematic review corroborates the hypothesis that CT infection potentiates female infertility, as 76.47% of the included studies found a positive correlation between them. We conclude that there is an important association between CT infection and female infertility. Ergo, making CT screening part of the infertility investigation routine is relevant and has a reasonable justification.
Key-words Chlamydia trachomatishuman reproductionInfertilitySexually transmitted diseasestubal factor infertilitySee moreThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. - Laura Gazal Passos
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Review Article
Breaking Bad News in Obstetrics and Gynecology: We Must Talk About It
- Luísa Silva de Carvalho Ribeiro ,
- Bárbara Flecha D’Abreu ,
- Aline Evangelista Santiago ,
- Eduardo Batista Cândido ,
- Gustavo Salata Romão , [ ... ],
- Agnaldo Lopes da Silva Filho
08-15-2022
Summary
Review ArticleBreaking Bad News in Obstetrics and Gynecology: We Must Talk About It
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(6):621-628
08-15-2022- Luísa Silva de Carvalho Ribeiro ,
- Bárbara Flecha D’Abreu ,
- Aline Evangelista Santiago ,
- Eduardo Batista Cândido ,
- Gustavo Salata Romão ,
- Marcos Felipe Silva de Sá ,
- Agnaldo Lopes da Silva Filho
Views191See moreAbstract
Breaking bad news is common in obstetrics and gynecology (ob-gyn). However, it is difficult, and few doctors receive training on how to deal with this situation. This narrative review aims to gather, analyze, and synthesize part of the knowledge on the area, focused on Ob-Gyn. Among the 16 selected articles, two are randomized controlled intervention studies, and most studies refer to obstetrics. The results found by us pointed out that simulation, feedback/debriefing, lectures, and protocols could improve doctors’ performance in communicating bad news. For patients, the context and how the information is transmitted seem to impact more than the content of the news. Ob-Gyn doctors could benefit from specific protocols and education, given the specialty’s particularities. There is a lack of evidence about the most effective way to conduct such training. Finding validated ways to quantify and classify studies’ results in the area, which would allow for the objective analysis of outcomes, is one of the biggest challenges concerning this topic.
Views191This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Summary
Review ArticleBreaking Bad News in Obstetrics and Gynecology: We Must Talk About It
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(6):621-628
08-15-2022- Luísa Silva de Carvalho Ribeiro ,
- Bárbara Flecha D’Abreu ,
- Aline Evangelista Santiago ,
- Eduardo Batista Cândido ,
- Gustavo Salata Romão ,
- Marcos Felipe Silva de Sá ,
- Agnaldo Lopes da Silva Filho
Views191See moreAbstract
Breaking bad news is common in obstetrics and gynecology (ob-gyn). However, it is difficult, and few doctors receive training on how to deal with this situation. This narrative review aims to gather, analyze, and synthesize part of the knowledge on the area, focused on Ob-Gyn. Among the 16 selected articles, two are randomized controlled intervention studies, and most studies refer to obstetrics. The results found by us pointed out that simulation, feedback/debriefing, lectures, and protocols could improve doctors’ performance in communicating bad news. For patients, the context and how the information is transmitted seem to impact more than the content of the news. Ob-Gyn doctors could benefit from specific protocols and education, given the specialty’s particularities. There is a lack of evidence about the most effective way to conduct such training. Finding validated ways to quantify and classify studies’ results in the area, which would allow for the objective analysis of outcomes, is one of the biggest challenges concerning this topic.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. - Luísa Silva de Carvalho Ribeiro
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Review Article
Immature Platelet Fraction and Thrombin Generation: Preeclampsia Biomarkers
- Daniela Moraes ,
- Camila Milioni ,
- Carolina Friske Vieira ,
- Eveline Avila Parera ,
- Bárbara Dewes Silva , [ ... ],
- Carlos Eduardo Poli-de-Figueiredo
07-11-2022
Summary
Review ArticleImmature Platelet Fraction and Thrombin Generation: Preeclampsia Biomarkers
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(8):771-775
07-11-2022- Daniela Moraes ,
- Camila Milioni ,
- Carolina Friske Vieira ,
- Eveline Avila Parera ,
- Bárbara Dewes Silva ,
- Miriam Viviane Baron ,
- Bartira Ercília Pinheiro da Costa ,
- Carlos Eduardo Poli-de-Figueiredo
Views233Abstract
Preeclampsia, a human pregnancy syndrome, is characterized by elevated blood pressure and proteinuria after the 20th week of gestation. Its etiology remains unknown, and its pathophysiological mechanisms are related to placental hypoperfusion, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and coagulation cascade activation. Recently, the role of the complement system has been considered. This syndrome is one of the main causes of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. This article discusses the hypothesis of preeclampsia being triggered by the occurrence of inadequate implantation of the syncytiotrophoblast, associated with bleeding during the first stage of pregnancy and with augmented thrombin generation. Thrombin activates platelets, increasing the release of antiangiogenic factors and activating the complement system, inducing the membrane attack complex (C5b9). Immature platelet fraction and thrombin generation may be possible blood biomarkers to help the early diagnosis of preeclampsia.
Key-words blood coagulationcomplement system proteinsHypertension, pregnancy-inducedplatelet activationplateletsSee moreViews233This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Summary
Review ArticleImmature Platelet Fraction and Thrombin Generation: Preeclampsia Biomarkers
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(8):771-775
07-11-2022- Daniela Moraes ,
- Camila Milioni ,
- Carolina Friske Vieira ,
- Eveline Avila Parera ,
- Bárbara Dewes Silva ,
- Miriam Viviane Baron ,
- Bartira Ercília Pinheiro da Costa ,
- Carlos Eduardo Poli-de-Figueiredo
Views233Abstract
Preeclampsia, a human pregnancy syndrome, is characterized by elevated blood pressure and proteinuria after the 20th week of gestation. Its etiology remains unknown, and its pathophysiological mechanisms are related to placental hypoperfusion, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and coagulation cascade activation. Recently, the role of the complement system has been considered. This syndrome is one of the main causes of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. This article discusses the hypothesis of preeclampsia being triggered by the occurrence of inadequate implantation of the syncytiotrophoblast, associated with bleeding during the first stage of pregnancy and with augmented thrombin generation. Thrombin activates platelets, increasing the release of antiangiogenic factors and activating the complement system, inducing the membrane attack complex (C5b9). Immature platelet fraction and thrombin generation may be possible blood biomarkers to help the early diagnosis of preeclampsia.
Key-words blood coagulationcomplement system proteinsHypertension, pregnancy-inducedplatelet activationplateletsSee moreThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. - Daniela Moraes
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Review Article
Contraceptive Counseling for the Transgender Patient Assigned Female at Birth
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(9):884-890
07-06-2022
Summary
Review ArticleContraceptive Counseling for the Transgender Patient Assigned Female at Birth
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(9):884-890
07-06-2022Views170See moreAbstract
Although almost 0.7% of the Brazilian population identifies as transgender, there is currently no training for healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive care to these patients, including the discussion of reproductive planning. The use of testosterone promotes amenorrhea in the first months of use; however, this effect does not guarantee contraceptive efficacy, and, consequently, increases the risks of unplanned pregnancy. The present article is an integrative review with the objective of evaluating and organizing the approach of contraceptive counseling for the transgender population who were assigned female at birth. We used the PubMed and Embase databases for our search, as well as international guidelines on care for the transgender population. Of 88 articles, 7 were used to develop the contraceptive counseling model. The model follows the following steps: 1. Addressing the information related to the need for contraception; 2. Evaluation of contraindications to the use of contraceptive methods (hormonal and nonhormonal); and 3. Side effects and possible discomfort associated with the use of contraception. The contraceptive counseling model is composed of 18 questions that address the indications and contraindications to the use of these methods, and a flowchart to assist patients in choosing a method that suits their needs.
Views170This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Summary
Review ArticleContraceptive Counseling for the Transgender Patient Assigned Female at Birth
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(9):884-890
07-06-2022Views170See moreAbstract
Although almost 0.7% of the Brazilian population identifies as transgender, there is currently no training for healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive care to these patients, including the discussion of reproductive planning. The use of testosterone promotes amenorrhea in the first months of use; however, this effect does not guarantee contraceptive efficacy, and, consequently, increases the risks of unplanned pregnancy. The present article is an integrative review with the objective of evaluating and organizing the approach of contraceptive counseling for the transgender population who were assigned female at birth. We used the PubMed and Embase databases for our search, as well as international guidelines on care for the transgender population. Of 88 articles, 7 were used to develop the contraceptive counseling model. The model follows the following steps: 1. Addressing the information related to the need for contraception; 2. Evaluation of contraindications to the use of contraceptive methods (hormonal and nonhormonal); and 3. Side effects and possible discomfort associated with the use of contraception. The contraceptive counseling model is composed of 18 questions that address the indications and contraindications to the use of these methods, and a flowchart to assist patients in choosing a method that suits their needs.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
Review Article
Is it Necessary to Evaluate Fear of Childbirth in Pregnant Women? A Scoping Review
- Cibele Santini de Oliveira Imakawa ,
- Mariane Nunes de Nadai ,
- Monica Reis ,
- Silvana Maria Quintana ,
- Elaine Christine Dantas Moises
06-29-2022
Summary
Review ArticleIs it Necessary to Evaluate Fear of Childbirth in Pregnant Women? A Scoping Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(7):692-700
06-29-2022- Cibele Santini de Oliveira Imakawa ,
- Mariane Nunes de Nadai ,
- Monica Reis ,
- Silvana Maria Quintana ,
- Elaine Christine Dantas Moises
Views153See moreAbstract
Objective
To review concepts, definitions, and findings about fear of childbirth (FOC).
Methods
A bibliographic review was carried out through the main scientific databases in 2020.
Results
All 32 articles considered potentially relevant were analyzed. A recent study suggests that the global prevalence of FOC can reach up to 14%. Factors such as parity, gestational age, previous birth experience, age and nationality of the woman seem to influence FOC.
Conclusion
Fear of childbirth could be related to an increased risk of adverse obstetric outcomes such as maternal request for cesarean delivery, preterm birth, prolonged labor, postpartum depression, and post-traumatic stress. These evidence highlight the importance of the discussion regarding this topic.
Views153This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Summary
Review ArticleIs it Necessary to Evaluate Fear of Childbirth in Pregnant Women? A Scoping Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(7):692-700
06-29-2022- Cibele Santini de Oliveira Imakawa ,
- Mariane Nunes de Nadai ,
- Monica Reis ,
- Silvana Maria Quintana ,
- Elaine Christine Dantas Moises
Views153See moreAbstract
Objective
To review concepts, definitions, and findings about fear of childbirth (FOC).
Methods
A bibliographic review was carried out through the main scientific databases in 2020.
Results
All 32 articles considered potentially relevant were analyzed. A recent study suggests that the global prevalence of FOC can reach up to 14%. Factors such as parity, gestational age, previous birth experience, age and nationality of the woman seem to influence FOC.
Conclusion
Fear of childbirth could be related to an increased risk of adverse obstetric outcomes such as maternal request for cesarean delivery, preterm birth, prolonged labor, postpartum depression, and post-traumatic stress. These evidence highlight the importance of the discussion regarding this topic.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. - Cibele Santini de Oliveira Imakawa
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Review Article
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescence: Challenges in Diagnosis and Management
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(4):425-433
06-27-2022
Summary
Review ArticlePolycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescence: Challenges in Diagnosis and Management
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(4):425-433
06-27-2022Views319See moreAbstract
Diagnosing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) during adolescence is challenging since normal pubertal development overlap typical features of this syndrome. The authors aim to summarize the existing evidence concerning PCOS in adolescence, particularly its diagnostic criteria and therapeutic options. A search throughout medical databases such as PubMed and MedScape was performed. Diagnostic criteria include irregular menstrual cycles according to time postmenarche and evidence of clinical hyperandrogenism and/or biochemical hyperandrogenism, provided other causes have been excluded. Polycystic ovarianmorphology ought not to be used as a diagnostic criterion. Treatment should targetmanifestations and/or comorbidities, even in the absence of a definite diagnosis. Lifestyle interventions are the first-line treatment. Combined oral contraceptives, metformin or antiandrogens may also be considered as adjuvants. Screening for PCOS in adolescence is crucial as it allows an early intervention on the symptoms and comorbidities presented leading to better long-term reproductive and metabolic outcomes.
Views319This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Summary
Review ArticlePolycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescence: Challenges in Diagnosis and Management
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(4):425-433
06-27-2022Views319See moreAbstract
Diagnosing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) during adolescence is challenging since normal pubertal development overlap typical features of this syndrome. The authors aim to summarize the existing evidence concerning PCOS in adolescence, particularly its diagnostic criteria and therapeutic options. A search throughout medical databases such as PubMed and MedScape was performed. Diagnostic criteria include irregular menstrual cycles according to time postmenarche and evidence of clinical hyperandrogenism and/or biochemical hyperandrogenism, provided other causes have been excluded. Polycystic ovarianmorphology ought not to be used as a diagnostic criterion. Treatment should targetmanifestations and/or comorbidities, even in the absence of a definite diagnosis. Lifestyle interventions are the first-line treatment. Combined oral contraceptives, metformin or antiandrogens may also be considered as adjuvants. Screening for PCOS in adolescence is crucial as it allows an early intervention on the symptoms and comorbidities presented leading to better long-term reproductive and metabolic outcomes.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
Review Article
Imaging Assessment of Prognostic Parameters in Cases of Isolated Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: Integrative Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(4):435-441
06-27-2022
Summary
Review ArticleImaging Assessment of Prognostic Parameters in Cases of Isolated Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: Integrative Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(4):435-441
06-27-2022Views137Abstract
Objective
Antenatal recognition of severe cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) by ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may aid decisions regarding the indication of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion.
Methods
An integrative review was performed. Searches in MEDLINE and EMBASE used terms related to CDH, diagnosis, MRI, and US. The inclusion criteria were reviews and guidelines approaching US and MRI markers of severity of CDH published in English in the past 10 years.
Results
The search retrieved 712 studies, out of which 17 publications were included. The US parameters were stomach and liver positions, lung-to-head ratio (LHR), observed/expected LHR (o/e LHR), and quantitative lung index. The MRI parameters were total fetal lung volume (TFLV), observed/expected TFLV, relative fetal or percent predicted lung volumes, liver intrathoracic ratio, and modified McGoon index. None of the parameters was reported to be superior to the others.
Conclusion
The most mentioned parameters were o/e LHR, LHR, liver position, o/e TFLV, and TFLV.
Key-words hernias diaphragmatic congenitalMagnetic resonance Imagingpatient selectionReference standardsUltrasonography, prenatalSee moreViews137This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Summary
Review ArticleImaging Assessment of Prognostic Parameters in Cases of Isolated Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: Integrative Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(4):435-441
06-27-2022Views137Abstract
Objective
Antenatal recognition of severe cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) by ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may aid decisions regarding the indication of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion.
Methods
An integrative review was performed. Searches in MEDLINE and EMBASE used terms related to CDH, diagnosis, MRI, and US. The inclusion criteria were reviews and guidelines approaching US and MRI markers of severity of CDH published in English in the past 10 years.
Results
The search retrieved 712 studies, out of which 17 publications were included. The US parameters were stomach and liver positions, lung-to-head ratio (LHR), observed/expected LHR (o/e LHR), and quantitative lung index. The MRI parameters were total fetal lung volume (TFLV), observed/expected TFLV, relative fetal or percent predicted lung volumes, liver intrathoracic ratio, and modified McGoon index. None of the parameters was reported to be superior to the others.
Conclusion
The most mentioned parameters were o/e LHR, LHR, liver position, o/e TFLV, and TFLV.
Key-words hernias diaphragmatic congenitalMagnetic resonance Imagingpatient selectionReference standardsUltrasonography, prenatalSee moreThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Review Article Archives - Page 7 of 16 - Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
