Review Article Archives - Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia

  • Review Article

    Efficacy of vitamin C supplementation during pregnancy in the prevention of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2025;47:e-rbgo1
    03-18-2025

    Summary

    Review Article

    Efficacy of vitamin C supplementation during pregnancy in the prevention of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2025;47:e-rbgo1
    03-18-2025

    DOI 10.61622/rbgo/2025rbgo1

    Views34

    Abstract

    Objective:

    Preterm birth is a leading global cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity, with oxidative stress playing a role in its pathogenesis. Vitamin C, a powerful antioxidant, may help reduce this risk. This study assessed the effectiveness of vitamin C supplementation, both alone and with vitamin E, in preventing preterm birth compared to a placebo.

    Data source:

    Databases were systematically searched in PubMed, Cochrane and Embase in December 2023 and updated in May 2024.

    Study Selection:

    Included RCTs evaluated vitamin C's effect on preterm birth and related neonatal outcomes.

    Data collect:

    Statistical analyses used a random-effects model for pooled risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed with the I² statistic.

    Data synthesis:

    Seventeen RCTs (21,567 patients) were analyzed. Vitamin C supplementation showed no significant difference compared to placebo for preterm birth (RR 1.04; 95% CI 0.96, 1.14). No significant differences were observed for neonatal death (RR 0.77; 95% CI 0.55, 1.08), NICU admission (RR 1.03; 95% CI 0.95, 1.13), preterm PROM (RR 1.04; 95% CI 0.63, 1.71), or birth weight (MD 52.41; 95% CI −19.65, 124.47). A slight decrease in gestational age was observed (MD 0.26; 95% CI −0.02, 0.55).

    Conclusion:

    Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with vitamin E does not significantly prevent preterm birth or improve related neonatal outcomes.

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    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
    Efficacy of vitamin C supplementation during pregnancy in the prevention of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  • Review Article

    Clinical repercussions of statin use during pregnancy: a review of the literature

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2025;47:e-rbgo2
    03-18-2025

    Summary

    Review Article

    Clinical repercussions of statin use during pregnancy: a review of the literature

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2025;47:e-rbgo2
    03-18-2025

    DOI 10.61622/rbgo/2025rbgo2

    Views28

    Abstract

    Statins are the most widely used pharmacological class for treating hyperlipidemia, although they are contraindicated during pregnancy. This study aims to demonstrate the clinical effects of statins in pregnant women through an interactive review. Fifteen original articles were selected, in English or Portuguese, within of five years. Statins have not been associated with the development of fetal malformations and their use may be useful in preventing unfavorable cardiovascular outcomes, with the potential to reduce oxidative stress and angiogenic dysfunction. However, the use of statins to prevent pre-eclampsia in humans has not been properly clarified and further studies are needed. Pravastatin is considered safer than statins for use during pregnancy.

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    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
    Clinical repercussions of statin use during pregnancy: a review of the literature
  • Review Article

    Low-level laser therapy for nipple trauma and pain during breastfeeding: systematic review and meta-analysis

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2025;47:e-rbgo3
    03-18-2025

    Summary

    Review Article

    Low-level laser therapy for nipple trauma and pain during breastfeeding: systematic review and meta-analysis

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2025;47:e-rbgo3
    03-18-2025

    DOI 10.61622/rbgo/2025rbgo3

    Views44

    Abstract

    Objective:

    This study aimed to investigate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on nipple trauma and pain during breastfeeding through a systematic review with a meta-analysis of selected studies.

    Source of the data:

    A thorough search was conducted on March 22, 2022, using the databases PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, PEDro, CINAHL, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, Clinical Trials, Web of Science, TRIP, DARE, and ProQuest. The search terms included various combinations of low-level laser therapy, nipple pain, nipple trauma, and breastfeeding.

    Studies selection:

    Out of 107 articles identified, only three controlled and randomized clinical trials was included. The extracted data encompassed breast and trauma characteristics, treatment types, outcomes (pain and healing process), evaluation tools, LLLT usage, laser brand, and parameters.

    Data collection:

    Data extraction was performed using RAYYAN for systematic reviews. The risk of bias in the studies was evaluated.

    Data synthesis:

    Pain was measured using the visual analog scale (VAS). The included studies did not use validated tools for assessing physical conditions. All studies employed LLLT with a 660-nm wavelength, though there were variations in equipment power, energy dose, and application methods. The meta-analysis revealed an average difference of −0.60 points (95% CI: −1.52 to 0.31) in the VAS pain scores between the LLLT and control groups. No heterogeneity was observed among the studies (I2=0%), indicating no significant difference in pain relief between LLLT (red light) and control groups.

    Conclusion:

    LLLT may offer a promising option for managing breastfeeding-related complications, though further research is required.

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    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
    Low-level laser therapy for nipple trauma and pain during breastfeeding: systematic review and meta-analysis
  • Review Article

    Short cervix and use of cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton and twin pregnancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2025;47:e-rbgo10
    03-18-2025

    Summary

    Review Article

    Short cervix and use of cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton and twin pregnancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2025;47:e-rbgo10
    03-18-2025

    DOI 10.61622/rbgo/2025rbgo10

    Views58

    Abstract

    Objective:

    Preterm birth remains a significant contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality. The use of cervical pessaries as an intervention for preventing preterm delivery in women with a short cervix has been a subject of interest. We evaluated the effectiveness of cervical pessary compared to standard care in preventing preterm delivery in women with a short cervix.

    Data source:

    Databases were systematically searched in PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases in December 2023.

    Study selection:

    Randomized clinical trials with the outcomes of interest were included.

    Data collect:

    We computed risk ratios for binary endpoints, with 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. Data were analyzed using R software (version 4.3.0). The primary outcomes of interest were preterm delivery before 37 weeks, and preterm delivery before 34 weeks.

    Data synthesis:

    Seventeen studies with 5,704 patients were included. The use of cervical pessary was associated with a decreased risk of preterm delivery before 37 (RR 0.88; 95% CI 0.81-0.96) and 34 weeks (RR 0.79; 95% CI 0.63-0.99) of gestation in twin pregnancies as compared to standard care without progesterone. There were no significant differences in preterm delivery in singleton pregnancy, neonatal outcomes, preterm premature rupture of the membranes or chorioamnionitis.

    Conclusion:

    The use of cervical pessary was associated with a significant reduction in preterm delivery at 34 and 37 weeks of gestation in twin pregnancies among patients with a short cervix compared to no treatment. No significant difference was found in singleton pregnancies or maternal outcomes.

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    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
    Short cervix and use of cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton and twin pregnancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  • Review Article

    Zuranolone for postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of two randomized studies

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo79
    12-04-2024

    Summary

    Review Article

    Zuranolone for postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of two randomized studies

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo79
    12-04-2024

    DOI 10.61622/rbgo/2024rbgo79

    Views181

    Abstract

    Objective:

    To evaluate the maternal outcomes in women with postpartum depression using zuranolone, the first oral medication indicated to treat postpartum depression.

    Methods:

    We conducted a systematic search in September 2023, on Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane Trials. We included randomized controlled trials comparing the effectiveness and safety of zuranolone versus placebo in women with postpartum depression. No time or language restrictions were applied. 297 results were retrieved, of which 11 papers were selected and fully reviewed by two authors. Review Manager 5 was used for statistical analysis and Cochrane Risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials was applied for quality assessment.

    Results:

    We included 2 studies, with 346 women, of whom 174 (50.2%) were treated with zuranolone. Zuranolone was significantly associated to an improvement of Clinical Global Impression response rate; Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 15 days and 45-day remission, 3-day, 15-day, and 45-day symptom remission, and reduction in the dose of antidepressants. As for safety outcomes, it was noticed that zuranolone increases sedation risk, which can be dose related. No significant differences were found for other adverse events.

    Conclusion:

    These findings suggest that zuranolone might present a safe and effective medication for out-of-hospital treatment of PPD. Sedation effects need to be further assessed.

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    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
  • Review Article

    Female genital tract microbiome: the influence of probiotics on assisted reproduction

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo82
    12-04-2024

    Summary

    Review Article

    Female genital tract microbiome: the influence of probiotics on assisted reproduction

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo82
    12-04-2024

    DOI 10.61622/rbgo/2024rbgo82

    Views150

    Abstract

    Assisted reproductive technology (ART) has been evolving since 1978, with the number of techniques performed increasing over the years. Despite continued advances, some couples continue to have difficulties getting pregnant, and it has recently been considered that the microbiome of the female genital tract (FGT) may influence embryo implantation and the establishment of pregnancy. This review aims to evaluate the role of probiotics on reproductive outcomes in infertile women on ART. A search throughout medical databases was performed, and six articles met the criteria. Five studies showed improvements in pregnancy rates, with only one demonstrating statistical significance. One article showed no improvement but reported a statistically significant reduction in the miscarriage rate in the probiotic group. Further research is needed to evaluate the true potential of probiotics, namely to assess whether they effectively modulate the FGT microbiome and if these changes are maintained over time.

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    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
  • Review Article

    Metformin versus insulin in gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo89
    12-04-2024

    Summary

    Review Article

    Metformin versus insulin in gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo89
    12-04-2024

    DOI 10.61622/rbgo/2024rbgo89

    Views220

    Abstract

    Objective:

    The aim of this study is to assess the use of metformin with or without insulin for the treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus compared to insulin alone.

    Data sources:

    This article consists of a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. The searches were carried out on MEDLINE including 7 studies, between 2010 to 2021.

    Study selection:

    Randomized clinical trials comparing metformin and insulin written in English, Spanish or Portuguese, with no time limit, were included.

    Data collection:

    Data was extracted from all the 7 articles and compared statistically when possible. Whenever data was not available or couldn't be statistically compared, the main results were described in detail.

    Data synthesis:

    Insulin alone is not superior than metformin with or without insulin on gestational diabetes mellitus.

    Conclusion:

    There is a potential viability of using metformin as an alternative compared to insulin alone in the treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. However, all assessed outcomes have a very low level of certainty of evidence and more studies are necessary to support these findings.

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    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
  • Review Article

    Self-medication among pregnant women in comparison to the general population: a scoping review of the main characteristics

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo77
    12-04-2024

    Summary

    Review Article

    Self-medication among pregnant women in comparison to the general population: a scoping review of the main characteristics

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo77
    12-04-2024

    DOI 10.61622/rbgo/2024rbgo77

    Views165

    Abstract

    Objective:

    An in-depth evaluation of the published evidence is needed on self-medication, specifically the evidence focusing on vulnerable groups, such as pregnant women. This scoping review aims to provide an overview of the differences in self-medication prevalence and study characteristics among different groups, while identifying gaps in the literature.

    Methods:

    A literature search was performed in PubMed and Web of Science, including articles published in the last 10 years for the pregnant women group (PWG) and the general population group (GPG). Data on study design, self-medication prevalence, medications used, and other variables were collected, tabulated, and summarized.

    Results:

    From 2888 screened articles, 75 were considered including 108,559 individuals. The self-medication (SM) in the PWG ranged from 2.6 to 72.4% and most studies had an SM prevalence between 21 and 50% and in the GPG, 32 from 50 studies had a SM prevalence higher than 50%. The reviewed studies varied considerably in methodology, requiring careful interpretation. While most of the studies assessed self-medication during the entire pregnancy, self-medication definition was often inconsistent between studies. Acetaminophen was the most used medication and headache was the most frequent symptom leading to self-medication initiation in the PWG.

    Conclusions:

    Self-medication among pregnant women showed a lower prevalence when compared to the general population. The medications used and symptoms reported were similar between groups. However, methodological differences must be carefully considered. Pregnant women should carefully follow their physicians’ advice before initiating self-medication to avoid preventable maternal and fetal adverse effects.

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    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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