Review Article Archives - Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia

  • Review Article

    Zuranolone for postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of two randomized studies

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo79
    12-04-2024

    Summary

    Review Article

    Zuranolone for postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of two randomized studies

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo79
    12-04-2024

    DOI 10.61622/rbgo/2024rbgo79

    Views153

    Abstract

    Objective:

    To evaluate the maternal outcomes in women with postpartum depression using zuranolone, the first oral medication indicated to treat postpartum depression.

    Methods:

    We conducted a systematic search in September 2023, on Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane Trials. We included randomized controlled trials comparing the effectiveness and safety of zuranolone versus placebo in women with postpartum depression. No time or language restrictions were applied. 297 results were retrieved, of which 11 papers were selected and fully reviewed by two authors. Review Manager 5 was used for statistical analysis and Cochrane Risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials was applied for quality assessment.

    Results:

    We included 2 studies, with 346 women, of whom 174 (50.2%) were treated with zuranolone. Zuranolone was significantly associated to an improvement of Clinical Global Impression response rate; Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 15 days and 45-day remission, 3-day, 15-day, and 45-day symptom remission, and reduction in the dose of antidepressants. As for safety outcomes, it was noticed that zuranolone increases sedation risk, which can be dose related. No significant differences were found for other adverse events.

    Conclusion:

    These findings suggest that zuranolone might present a safe and effective medication for out-of-hospital treatment of PPD. Sedation effects need to be further assessed.

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    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
  • Review Article

    Female genital tract microbiome: the influence of probiotics on assisted reproduction

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo82
    12-04-2024

    Summary

    Review Article

    Female genital tract microbiome: the influence of probiotics on assisted reproduction

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo82
    12-04-2024

    DOI 10.61622/rbgo/2024rbgo82

    Views128

    Abstract

    Assisted reproductive technology (ART) has been evolving since 1978, with the number of techniques performed increasing over the years. Despite continued advances, some couples continue to have difficulties getting pregnant, and it has recently been considered that the microbiome of the female genital tract (FGT) may influence embryo implantation and the establishment of pregnancy. This review aims to evaluate the role of probiotics on reproductive outcomes in infertile women on ART. A search throughout medical databases was performed, and six articles met the criteria. Five studies showed improvements in pregnancy rates, with only one demonstrating statistical significance. One article showed no improvement but reported a statistically significant reduction in the miscarriage rate in the probiotic group. Further research is needed to evaluate the true potential of probiotics, namely to assess whether they effectively modulate the FGT microbiome and if these changes are maintained over time.

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    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
  • Review Article

    Metformin versus insulin in gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo89
    12-04-2024

    Summary

    Review Article

    Metformin versus insulin in gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo89
    12-04-2024

    DOI 10.61622/rbgo/2024rbgo89

    Views185

    Abstract

    Objective:

    The aim of this study is to assess the use of metformin with or without insulin for the treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus compared to insulin alone.

    Data sources:

    This article consists of a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. The searches were carried out on MEDLINE including 7 studies, between 2010 to 2021.

    Study selection:

    Randomized clinical trials comparing metformin and insulin written in English, Spanish or Portuguese, with no time limit, were included.

    Data collection:

    Data was extracted from all the 7 articles and compared statistically when possible. Whenever data was not available or couldn't be statistically compared, the main results were described in detail.

    Data synthesis:

    Insulin alone is not superior than metformin with or without insulin on gestational diabetes mellitus.

    Conclusion:

    There is a potential viability of using metformin as an alternative compared to insulin alone in the treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. However, all assessed outcomes have a very low level of certainty of evidence and more studies are necessary to support these findings.

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    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
  • Review Article

    Self-medication among pregnant women in comparison to the general population: a scoping review of the main characteristics

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo77
    12-04-2024

    Summary

    Review Article

    Self-medication among pregnant women in comparison to the general population: a scoping review of the main characteristics

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo77
    12-04-2024

    DOI 10.61622/rbgo/2024rbgo77

    Views144

    Abstract

    Objective:

    An in-depth evaluation of the published evidence is needed on self-medication, specifically the evidence focusing on vulnerable groups, such as pregnant women. This scoping review aims to provide an overview of the differences in self-medication prevalence and study characteristics among different groups, while identifying gaps in the literature.

    Methods:

    A literature search was performed in PubMed and Web of Science, including articles published in the last 10 years for the pregnant women group (PWG) and the general population group (GPG). Data on study design, self-medication prevalence, medications used, and other variables were collected, tabulated, and summarized.

    Results:

    From 2888 screened articles, 75 were considered including 108,559 individuals. The self-medication (SM) in the PWG ranged from 2.6 to 72.4% and most studies had an SM prevalence between 21 and 50% and in the GPG, 32 from 50 studies had a SM prevalence higher than 50%. The reviewed studies varied considerably in methodology, requiring careful interpretation. While most of the studies assessed self-medication during the entire pregnancy, self-medication definition was often inconsistent between studies. Acetaminophen was the most used medication and headache was the most frequent symptom leading to self-medication initiation in the PWG.

    Conclusions:

    Self-medication among pregnant women showed a lower prevalence when compared to the general population. The medications used and symptoms reported were similar between groups. However, methodological differences must be carefully considered. Pregnant women should carefully follow their physicians’ advice before initiating self-medication to avoid preventable maternal and fetal adverse effects.

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    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
  • Review Article

    Neonatal and maternal outcomes of mRNA versus Non-mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo69
    09-18-2024

    Summary

    Review Article

    Neonatal and maternal outcomes of mRNA versus Non-mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo69
    09-18-2024

    DOI 10.61622/rbgo/2024rbgo69

    Views160

    Abstract

    Objective

    To compare the effectiveness and safety of non-mRNA versus mRNA COVID-19 vaccines on pregnant women and their newborns in a systematic review with meta-analysis.

    Data sources

    We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central in May 2023.

    Study selection

    The search strategy yielded 4451 results, 16 studies were fully reviewed. We selected case-control studies analysing non-mRNA versus mRNA vaccines. Data collection and analysis: we assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool. Standardised mean differences were pooled using random-effect models.

    Data synthesis

    We identified 8 prospective and retrospective studies with a total of 32,153 patients. Non-mRNA vaccines were associated with a higher incidence of fever (OR 2.67; 95% CI 2.08-3.43; p<0.001), and a lower incidence of fetal or neonatal death (OR 0.16; 95% CI 0.08-0.33; p<0.001). In subgroup analyses, the Jansen vaccine (Ad26.COV2.S) was found to have a higher rate of premature labor/delivery (OR 4.48; 95% CI 1.45-13.83; p=0.009) and missed/spontaneous abortion (OR 1.90; 95% CI 1.09-3.30; p=0.02), as compared with the Pfizer (BNT162b2) vaccine.

    Conclusion

    non-mRNA vaccines are associated with a lower incidence of fetal or neonatal death among pregnant women who receive a Covid19 vaccine, although at an increased rate of pyrexia compared with mRNA vaccines. Other studies are required for better assessment.

    PROSPERO

    CRD42023421814

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    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
  • Review Article

    Immunosuppressants in women with repeated implantation failure in assisted reproductive techniques: a systematic review and meta-analysis

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo70
    09-18-2024

    Summary

    Review Article

    Immunosuppressants in women with repeated implantation failure in assisted reproductive techniques: a systematic review and meta-analysis

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo70
    09-18-2024

    DOI 10.61622/rbgo/2024rbgo70

    Views141

    Abstract

    Objective

    To compare outcomes in patients with repeated implantation failure undergoing Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection/In vitro fertilization (IVF/ICSI) plus immunosuppressants such as prednisolone, prednisone, or cyclosporine A versus the use of IVF/ICSI alone.

    Data source

    Databases were systematically searched in PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases in September 2023.

    Study Selection

    Randomized clinical trials and observational studies with the outcomes of interest were included.

    Data collect

    We computed odds ratios (ORs) for binary endpoints, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. Data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.4.The main outcomes were live birth, miscarriage, implantation rate, clinical pregnancy, and biochemical pregnancy.

    Data synthesis

    Seven studies with 2,829 patients were included. Immunosuppressive treatments were used in 1,312 (46.37%). Cyclosporine A improved implantation rate (OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.01-2.18) and clinical pregnancy (1.89, 95% CI 1.14-3.14). Compared to non-immunosuppressive treatment, prednisolone and prednisone did not improve live birth (OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.88-1.46) and miscarriage (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.07-2.09). Prednisolone showed no significant effect in patients undergoing IVF/ICSI, clinical pregnancy (OR 1.34; 95% CI 0.76-2.36), or implantation rate (OR 1.36; 95% CI 0.76-2.42).

    Conclusion

    Cyclosporine A may promote implantation and clinical pregnancy rates. However, given the limited sample size, it is important to approach these findings with caution. Our results indicate that prednisolone and prednisone do not have any beneficial effects on clinical outcomes of IVF/ICSI patients with repeated implantation failure.

    PROSPERO

    CRD42023449655

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    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
  • Review Article

    Relationship between early age at menarche, older age at menopause and subtypes of breast cancer: a scoping review

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo50
    09-06-2024

    Summary

    Review Article

    Relationship between early age at menarche, older age at menopause and subtypes of breast cancer: a scoping review

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo50
    09-06-2024

    DOI 10.61622/rbgo/2024rbgo50

    Views127

    Abstract

    Objective

    To determine the relationship between early age at menarche, late age at menopause with specific subtypes of breast cancer (BC).

    Methods

    A literature search was conducted in Embase, Lilacs, PubMed, Scopus, and Scielo databases, following the Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review protocol and answering the question “How early age at menarche or late age at menopause are related to different breast cancer subtypes?”.

    Results

    A number of 4,003 studies were identified, of which 17 were selected. Most of the included articles found a clear relationship between early menarche, late menopause and some subtypes of BC, mainly, PR+, ER+, luminal, and HER-2 tumors. However, some studies have found a contradictory relationship and one study didn’t find any relationship between them.

    Conclusion

    A relationship between early age at menarche and advanced age at menopause was observed with some subtypes of breast cancer, since other factors must be considered in its understanding.

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    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
  • Review Article

    Biochemical markers for prediction of the first half pregnancy losses: a review

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo72
    09-06-2024

    Summary

    Review Article

    Biochemical markers for prediction of the first half pregnancy losses: a review

    Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2024;46:e-rbgo72
    09-06-2024

    DOI 10.61622/rbgo/2024rbgo72

    Views127

    Abstract

    Objective

    26% of all pregnancies end in miscarriage, and up to 10% of clinically diagnosed pregnancies, and recurrent pregnancy loss is 5% among couples of childbearing ages. Although there are several known causes of pregnancy loss in the first half, including recurrent pregnancy loss, including parental chromosomal abnormalities, uterine malformations, endocrinological disorders, and immunological abnormalities, about half of the cases of pregnancy loss in its first half remain unexplained.

    Methods

    The review includes observational controlled studies (case-control or cohort, longitudinal studies, reviews, meta-analyses), which include the study of biochemical factors for predicting pregnancy losses in the first half, in singlet pregnancy. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the research quality.

    Results

    Finally, 27 studies were included in the review, which has 134904 examined patients. The results of the review include estimates of β-human chorionic gonadotropin, progesterone, pregnancy-associated protein – A, angiogenic vascular factors, estradiol, α-fetoprotein, homocysteine and CA-125 as a predictors or markers of the first half pregnancy losses.

    Conclusion

    It may be concluded that to date, research data indicate the unavailability of any reliable biochemical marker for predicting pregnancy losses in its first half and require either a combination of them or comparison with clinical evidence. A fairly new model shall be considered for the assessment of α-fetoprotein in vaginal blood, which may have great prospects in predicting spontaneous miscarriages.

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    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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