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Original Article07-11-2000
Morphological and Morphometric Aspects of the Uterine Cervix in Oophorectomized Rats after Copaíba Oil Application
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(8):489-493
Abstract
Original ArticleMorphological and Morphometric Aspects of the Uterine Cervix in Oophorectomized Rats after Copaíba Oil Application
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(8):489-493
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000800004
Views136See morePurpose: to study the effect of copaíba oil on the uterine cervix of oophorectomized rats. Method: 120 female adults were used, divided into four groups: control, water, corn oil and copaíba oil. All animals were submitted to bilateral oophorectomy, and kept in cages for twenty days before applying the substances. These substances were applied by vaginal route at a dose of 0.3 ml, once a day until the predetermined day of sacrifice (7, 14 e 21 days). Results: the animals from the copaíba oil group showed on all days of the study exuberant, keratinous stratified squamous epithelium with about 10 epithelial cell layers and the chorion with conjunctive tissue, fibroblasts, collagen fibers, blood vessels and some leukocytes. Conclusions: The copaíba oil used in this experimental model promoted a thickening of the epithelium, which was keratinous stratified squamous, and epithelium increase was progressive along the study.
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Original Article07-11-2000
Test-retest Reliability in Application of the Blatt and Kupperman Menopausal Index
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(8):481-487
Abstract
Original ArticleTest-retest Reliability in Application of the Blatt and Kupperman Menopausal Index
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(8):481-487
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000800003
Views107See morePurpose: based on the knowledge that the reliability of an instrument is essential for a correct interpretation of the results of research, the purpose of the present study is to evaluate the reliability of one of the menopausal indexes more often used in clinical practice and research, the Blatt and Kupperman Menopausal Index (BKMI). Methods: the population consisted of 60 climacteric patients attended at the Gynecology Outpatient Clinic of the Lauro Wanderley University Hospital of the Federal University of Paraíba in João Pessoa city. The reliability coefficient was analyzed by the test-retest method, whose application was done on two different occasions with an interval of four weeks, without administration of medicines. Results: the variation of the score observed with the application of BKMI at the first measurement was 2 to 41, with a median of 18 and mean of 18.8 (± 10.76), while at the second measurement, the menopausal index was 20.2 (± 10.51), median 19, and values ranging from 2 to 39. Despite these results, a Speaman (r s) coefficient of 0.68 (p = 0.001), which is a coefficient of only moderate intensity, was observed. Conclusions: the test-retest reliability in the application of the BKMI shows that, although this instrument presented a statistically moderate reliability, the intensity observed does not represent a reliable measurement. Considering that a correlational study is only a type of screening of the quality of a measurement method, we concluded that other studies must be performed with the purpose of evaluating the reliability and the validity of the BKMI. It is possible that the attribuition of different values to the items of BKMI and the inclusion of symptoms directly related to the estrogenic defficiency, like symptoms of vaginal atrophy, would make the instrument more reliable.
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Original Article07-11-2000
Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women with and without Previous Hysterectomy with Bilateral Ovarian Conservation
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(8):475-479
Abstract
Original ArticleBone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women with and without Previous Hysterectomy with Bilateral Ovarian Conservation
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(8):475-479
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000800002
Views78See morePurpose: to evaluate the bone mineral density of postmenopausal women with previous hysterectomy and with bilateral ovarian conservation compared to a group of nonhysterectomized naturally menopausal women. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study of bone densitometry (Lunar DPX) in 30 menopausal women hysterectomized when in the premenopause compared with 102 naturally postmenopausal women. Results: the mean age, body mass index, color of the skin, smoking habits, educational level, menarche, parity and previous tubal ligation were similar in the studied groups. Bone mineral density average and the T-score of the three femural sites analyzed by the Bonferroni test did not show significant differences. The bone mineral density average and the T-score of the lumbar spine were analyzed by the Student t test and did not show statistical differences. Conclusion: these findings suggest that premenopausal hysterectomy with bilateral ovarian conservation does not cause an additional reduction in bone mineral content when evaluated in the postmenopause.
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07-10-2000
Valor da Avaliação Propedêutica Objetiva e Subjetiva no Diagnóstico da Incontinência Urinária Feminina: Correlação com a Força Muscular do Assoalho Pélvico
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(9):597-597
Abstract
Valor da Avaliação Propedêutica Objetiva e Subjetiva no Diagnóstico da Incontinência Urinária Feminina: Correlação com a Força Muscular do Assoalho Pélvico
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(9):597-597
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000900010
Views73Valor da Avaliação Propedêutica Objetiva e Subjetiva no Diagnóstico da Incontinência Urinária Feminina. Correlação com a Força Muscular do Assoalho Pélvico […]See moreThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
07-10-2000
Estudo Comparativo entre a Histopatologia e a Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase para o Diagnóstico do Papiloma Vírus Humano em Lesões do Colo Uterino de Mulheres Infectadas pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(9):597-597
Abstract
Estudo Comparativo entre a Histopatologia e a Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase para o Diagnóstico do Papiloma Vírus Humano em Lesões do Colo Uterino de Mulheres Infectadas pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(9):597-597
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000900011
Views68Estudo Comparativo entre a Histopatologia e a Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase para o Diagnóstico do Papiloma Vírus Humano em Lesões do Colo Uterino de Mulheres Infectadas pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana […]See moreThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
Case Report07-10-2000
Mastitis due to Paracoccidioidomycosis: a Case Report
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(9):593-596
Abstract
Case ReportMastitis due to Paracoccidioidomycosis: a Case Report
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(9):593-596
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000900009
Views89See moreParacoccidioidomycosis is an important systemic endemic mycosis in Latin America. This infection is usually acquired via inhalation of mycelial particles. Most infected subjects develop an asymptomatic infection, which is associated with various host-related factors such as sex, age, genetic, as well as characteristics of the infecting agent, mainly its virulence. It is a systemic pathology. A case of mastitis due to paracoccidioidomycosis is presented with the objective to demonstrate that elderly patients with a breast abscess should be submitted to biopsy.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
Original Article07-10-2000
Analysis of Avoidable Mortality Among Women in Reproductive Age
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(9):579-584
Abstract
Original ArticleAnalysis of Avoidable Mortality Among Women in Reproductive Age
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(9):579-584
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000900007
Views123See morePurpose: to evaluate the avoidable mortality among women in reproductive age, living in Campinas, SP, comparing two five-year periods: 1985-89 and 1990-94. Methods: death certificates of 3.086 women aged 10 to 49 years were studied, representing the total number of deaths during the period from January 1985 through December 1994. The criteria for avoidance were applied to these deaths using preventive, sanitary, early diagnosis and treatment, and mixed measures. The deaths were also classified as: with hardly avoidable causes, not well-defined causes and other causes. The specific mortality coefficient for each period of five years and the ratio between these coefficients were calculated. Results: there was a 20% increase in the avoidable mortality rate from the first to the second period. The main failure was observed among the group of avoidable causes by preventive and sanitary measures. The main increase in death causes by preventive measures resulted from AIDS. Among the causes of death avoidable by mixed measures, the increase of 50% in maternal mortality caused by abortion, as well as causes due to violence specially homicides, are emphasized. Conclusion: there was an increase in the proportion of avoidable death causes. Measures to prevent AIDS, abortion and to reduce violent deaths, specially homicides, should be political and social priorities in our Country.
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Original Article07-10-2000
Treatment of Eclampsia: Comparative Study on the Use of Magnesium Sulfate and Phenytoin
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(9):543-549
Abstract
Original ArticleTreatment of Eclampsia: Comparative Study on the Use of Magnesium Sulfate and Phenytoin
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(9):543-549
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000900002
Views78See morePurpose: to compare the efficiency between magnesium sulfate and phenytoin in the control of convulsions in patients with eclampsia and to evaluate the effects of magnesium sulfate and phenytoin on the maternal and perinatal prognosis in patients with eclampsia. Methods: this is a prospective, randomized and controlled study in which the results obtained with the use of anticonvulsive treatment in 77 women with eclampsia, treated with either magnesium sulfate or phenytoin, were analyzed comparatively. The drugs which were used in both therapeutic schemes were distributed in a one to one ratio, in randomly numbered boxes which presented similar characteristics. When a patient was admitted, a box was opened and its contents were given to the patient. Results: in the group whose patients were treated with magnesium sulfate, 19.5% had recurrent convulsions while in the group whose patients used phenytoin, 36.1% had new crises (p<0,05). The patients who were treated with magnesium sulfate showed a greater prevalence of postpartum hemorrhage (14,7%) than those to whom phenytoin was administered (2.7%) (p<0.05). In relation to the newborns, 17.0% of the group from mothers treated with magnesium sulfate presented respiratory distress as opposed to the group of newborns from mothers treated with phenytoin (11.8%), (p> 0,05). Conclusion: magnesium sulfate is shown to be more efficient than phenytoin in the control and the prevention of convulsions in patients with eclampsia. However, its utilization showed a higher prevalence of postpartum hemorrhage and respiratory distress. Phenytoin should be used in cases where the use of magnesium sulfate is contraindicated.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Case Report04-01-2016
Prenatal Diagnosis of Lissencephaly Type 2 using Three-dimensional Ultrasound and Fetal MRI: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2016;38(4):201-206
Abstract
Case ReportPrenatal Diagnosis of Lissencephaly Type 2 using Three-dimensional Ultrasound and Fetal MRI: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2016;38(4):201-206
Views209Abstract
Lissencephaly is a genetic heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the classical triad: brain malformations, eye anomalies, and congenital muscular dystrophy. Prenatal diagnosis is feasible by demonstrating abnormal development of sulci and gyri. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may enhance detection of developmental cortical disorders as well as ocular anomalies. We describe a case of early diagnosis of lissencephaly type 2 detected at the time of routine second trimester scan by three-dimensional ultrasound and fetal MRI. Gross pathology confirmed the accuracy of the prenatal diagnosis while histology showed the typical feature of cobblestone cortex. As the disease is associated with poor perinatal prognosis, early and accurate prenatal diagnosis is important for genetic counseling and antenatal care.
Key-words cobblestone cortexGenetic counselinglissencephalyMagnetic resonance ImagingPathologyprenatal diagnosisthree-dimensional ultrasoundSee moreThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 
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Short Communication12-01-2017
Nutritional Counseling Promotes Changes in the Dietary Habits of Overweight and Obese Adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2017;39(12):692-696
Abstract
Short CommunicationNutritional Counseling Promotes Changes in the Dietary Habits of Overweight and Obese Adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2017;39(12):692-696
Views208See moreAbstract
Objective
To evaluate the effects of nutritional counseling on the dietary habits and anthropometric parameters of overweight and obese adolescentswith polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Methods
This was a prospective, longitudinal and auto-controlled study. Thirty adolescents aged 13-19 years-old, diagnosed with PCOS received nutritional counseling and were followed-up for 6 months. After the follow-up period, the results were evaluated through body weight, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC).
Results
Sixty-percent of the adolescents adhered to the nutritional counseling and, of these, 50% lost weight. Adolescents who lost weight changed their dietary habits by adopting hypocaloric diets and eating more meals per day, as per nutritional counseling. The waist circumference (WC) decreased significantly, although the body weight decreased non-significantly after adoption of a hypocaloric diet.
Conclusion
Although there was no significant weight loss, there was a considerable reduction in theWCassociated with hypocaloric diets and with eating a greater number of meals per day.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
Original Article04-15-2019
The Influence of Light Exposure in Ambiance during Pregnancy inMaternal and Fetal Outcomes: An Experimental Study
- Vitor Coca Sarri,
- Beatriz Maria Ferrari,
- Larissa Fernandes Magalhães,
- Paula Almeida Rodrigues,
- Almir Coelho Rezende, [ … ],
- Marisa Afonso Andrade Brunherotti
Abstract
Original ArticleThe Influence of Light Exposure in Ambiance during Pregnancy inMaternal and Fetal Outcomes: An Experimental Study
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2019;41(1):24-30
- Vitor Coca Sarri,
- Beatriz Maria Ferrari,
- Larissa Fernandes Magalhães,
- Paula Almeida Rodrigues,
- Almir Coelho Rezende,
- Marisa Afonso Andrade Brunherotti
Views208See moreAbstract
Objective
The aim of this study is to evaluate whether exposure to different environmental lighting conditions affects the reproductive parameters of pregnant mice and the development of their offspring.
Methods
Fifteen pregnant albino mice were divided into three groups: light/dark, light, and dark. The animalswere euthanized on day 18 of pregnancy following the Brazilian Good Practice Guide for Euthanasia of Animals.Maternal and fetal specimens weremeasured and collected for histological evaluation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used for comparison of the groups considering p ≤ 0.05 to be statistically significant.
Results
There was no significant difference in the maternal variables between the three groups. Regarding fetal variables, significant differences were observed in the anthropometric measures between the groups exposed to different environmental lighting conditions, with the highest mean values in the light group. The histological evaluation showed the same structural pattern of the placenta in all groups, which was within the normal range. However, evaluation of the uterus revealed a discrete to moderate number of endometrial glands in the light/dark and light groups, which were poorly developed in most animals. In the fetuses, pulmonary analysis revealed morphological features consistent with the transition from the canalicular to the saccular phase in all groups.
Conclusion
Exposure to different environmental lighting conditions had no influence on the reproductive parameters of female mice, while the offspring of mothers exposed to light for 24 hours exhibited better morphometric features.
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FEBRASGO POSITION STATEMENT12-17-2021
Fertility preservation in women with endometriosis Number 10 – October 2021
- Márcia Mendonça Carneiro ,
- João Sabino Lahorgue da Cunha Filho ,
- Carlos Alberto Petta ,
- Carlos Augusto Pires Costa Lino ,
- Corival Lisboa Alves de Castro , [ … ],
- Julio Cesar Rosa e Silva
Abstract
FEBRASGO POSITION STATEMENTFertility preservation in women with endometriosis Number 10 – October 2021
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2021;43(10):796-801
- Márcia Mendonça Carneiro ,
- João Sabino Lahorgue da Cunha Filho ,
- Carlos Alberto Petta ,
- Carlos Augusto Pires Costa Lino ,
- Corival Lisboa Alves de Castro ,
- Eduardo Schor ,
- João Nogueira Neto ,
- Marco Aurélio Pinho de Oliveira ,
- Marcos Tcherniakovsky ,
- Maurício Simões Abrão ,
- Omero Benedicto Poli Neto ,
- Ricardo de Almeida Quintairos ,
- Sidney Pearce ,
- Helizabet Salomão Abdalla ,
- Julio Cesar Rosa e Silva
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. - Márcia Mendonça Carneiro
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Original Article01-24-2021
Overview of the Effect of Complementary Medicine on Treating or Mitigating the Risk of Endometriosis
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2021;43(12):919-925
Abstract
Original ArticleOverview of the Effect of Complementary Medicine on Treating or Mitigating the Risk of Endometriosis
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2021;43(12):919-925
Views194See moreAbstract
Objective
Endometriosis is a hormone-dependent chronic inflammatory disease with symptoms such as pelvic pain, which affect the physical, emotional, and social health of women in reproductive age. The current overview article aims to explore the effect of complementary medicine on the treatment or in mitigating the risk of endometriosis.
Methods
This is an overview article done in Iran. Two separate researchers systematically searched 3 databases (Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register Trials) until September 2020. The methodological quality of each study was assessed using the assessment of multiple systematic reviews (AMSTAR) tool.
Results
The results of two reviews suggested that physical activity, tobacco smoking, diet, coffee and caffeine intake had no effect on mitigating the risk of endometriosis or improving its treatment, but acupuncture successfully reduced pain and related marker (serum CA-125) levels.
Conclusion
As endometriosis is an annoying disease with many complications and is hard to diagnose and treat, related studies in complementary medicine can help patients with endometriosis. Based on the relevant literature review, among the complementary medicine available for the treatment or to mitigate the risk of endometriosis, only acupuncture seems to alleviate the pain of endometriosis.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 
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Original Article07-07-2022
Increment of Maternal Mortality Among Admissions for Childbirth in Low-risk Pregnant Women in Brazil: Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic?
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(8):740-745
Abstract
Original ArticleIncrement of Maternal Mortality Among Admissions for Childbirth in Low-risk Pregnant Women in Brazil: Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic?
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(8):740-745
Views205See moreAbstract
Objective
To assess the possible impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal mortality among admissions for childbirth in 2020 in relation of the last 10 years.
Methods
An ecological study with pregnant women who underwent hospital births at the Brazilian unified public health service (SUS, in the Portuguese acronym) in Brazil from 2010 to 2020. The mortality among admissions for childbirth was obtained based on the number of admissions for childbirth with reported death as outcome divided by the total number of admissions. The underlying gestational risk and route of delivery were considered based on the national surveillance system. The average mortality for the period between 2010 and 2019 (baseline) was compared with the rate of deaths in 2020 (1st pandemic year); the rate ratio was interpreted as the risk of death in 2020 in relation to the average of the previous period (RR), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results
In 2020, the 1st year of the COVID-19 pandemic, 1,821,775 pregnant women were hospitalized for childbirth and 651 deaths were reported, which represents 8.7% of the total hospitalizations and 11.3% of maternal deaths between 2010 and 2020. There was an increase in maternal mortality after births in 2020 compared with the average for the period between 2010 and 2019, specially in low-risk pregnancies, both in vaginal (RR = 1.60; 95%CI:1.39–1.85) and cesarean births (RR = 1.18; 95%CI:1.04–1.34).
Conclusion
Maternal mortality among admissions for childbirth according to SUS data increased in 2020 compared with the average between 2010 and 2019, with an increment of 40% in low-risk pregnancies. The increase was of 18% after cesarean section and of 60% after vaginal delivery.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
Original Article02-17-2022
Quality of Life of Pregnant Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Larissa Rodrigues ,
- Maria Laura Costa ,
- Francisco Carlos Specian ,
- Maria Margarida Fialho Sim-Sim ,
- Fernanda Garanhani Surita
Abstract
Original ArticleQuality of Life of Pregnant Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(5):475-482
- Larissa Rodrigues ,
- Maria Laura Costa ,
- Francisco Carlos Specian ,
- Maria Margarida Fialho Sim-Sim ,
- Fernanda Garanhani Surita
Views205See moreAbstract
Objective
To assess the quality of life (QoL) of pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) treated at a high-risk prenatal outpatient clinic during the third trimester of gestation.
Methods
An observational descriptive study was performed in a high-risk prenatal outpatient clinic. Women in the third trimester of pregnancy and undergoing antenatal care between July 2017 and July 2019 answered the abbreviated World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire, consisting of 26 questions divided into 4 domains (physical, psychological, social and environmental).
Results
We interviewed 50 pregnant women with a mean gestational age of 30 weeks (standard deviation [SD]: 10 weeks) who were diagnosed with SLE. The average age of the participants was 30 years (SD: 14.85), and the average time since the diagnosis of SLE was of 9.06 years (SD: 6.8 years). Most participants had a partner, did not plan their pregnancy (76%), and did not use contraception prior to pregnancy (80%). The score of each domain ranges from 0 (the worst score) to 100 (the best score). The means ± SDs of the scores of the participants on each domain were: physical – 52.21 ± 18.44); psychological – 64.17 ± 18.56); social – 66.33 ± 27.09); and environmental – 64.56 (18.53). The means ± SDs of the general QoL, and health-related QoL items were of 70.50 ± 24.06 and 70.00 ± 30.72 respectively.
Conclusion
The physical domain presented the lowest scores compared with the other three domains. Pregnant women with SLE had high overall QoL scores, and their health-related QoL scores were also relatively high.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. - Larissa Rodrigues
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Systematic Review12-01-2017
Is Pethidine Safe during Labor? Systematic Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2017;39(12):686-691
Abstract
Systematic ReviewIs Pethidine Safe during Labor? Systematic Review
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2017;39(12):686-691
Views174See moreAbstract
Purpose
To verify if pethidine is safe for the conceptus when used during labor.
Methods
Systematic review in the Capes Periodicals/PubMed and MEDLINE/Virtual Health Library (BVS, in the Portuguese acronym) databases.
Results
A total of 17 studies published from January 1st, 2000, to September 2nd, 2016, with a total of 1,688 participants involved were included in the present review. There was no record of conceptus vitality decrease associated with low doses of pethidine being administered to mothers during labor.
Conclusions
Intramuscular (IM) or intravenous (IV) pethidine at low doses, of up to 50 mg, is safe to administer during labor.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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