Premenstrual syndrome Archives - Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
, , , , , Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(2):133-141
, , , , , , To investigate the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) in university students, the factors associated with PMS, the most prevalent symptoms, and the interference of symptoms in academic, family, social, and work activities.
This cross-sectional study included 1,115 university students aged ≥ 18 years from the University of Rio Verde, Goiás. Premenstrual syndrome and PMDD were identified using the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool. Associations with sociodemographic, behavioral, reproductive, nutritional, and health factors were investigated using the Poisson regression.
The prevalence of PMS was 46.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 44.0-49.8), and of PMDD, 11.1% (95% CI 9.3-13.0). The most prevalent symptoms were physical, such as breast tenderness, bloating, e weight gain (73%); followed by psychological ones such as overeating/food cravings, tearful/more sensitive to rejection (> 60%). More than 30% of the patients reported that the symptoms interfered in a moderate-tosevere way in their social and academic activities. After adjusted analysis, PMS was more prevalent in those who were attending the 1st/2nd semester of college (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.44; 95% CI 1.14-1.80), those who consumed alcohol in the last 30 days (PR 1.23; 95% CI 1.04-1.47), and those who had depression (PR 1.49; 95% CI 1.30-1.71).
Almost half of the university students had PMS and ~ 11%, PMDD. Physical symptoms were themost common and interfered in amoderate-to-severe way in various aspects of life. Attending the first semesters, consuming alcohol, and having depression were risk factors for PMS. The identification of risk factors for PMS is essential to prevent symptoms and reduce the impact of the syndrome.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2022;44(2):133-141
, , , , , , To investigate the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) in university students, the factors associated with PMS, the most prevalent symptoms, and the interference of symptoms in academic, family, social, and work activities.
This cross-sectional study included 1,115 university students aged ≥ 18 years from the University of Rio Verde, Goiás. Premenstrual syndrome and PMDD were identified using the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool. Associations with sociodemographic, behavioral, reproductive, nutritional, and health factors were investigated using the Poisson regression.
The prevalence of PMS was 46.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 44.0-49.8), and of PMDD, 11.1% (95% CI 9.3-13.0). The most prevalent symptoms were physical, such as breast tenderness, bloating, e weight gain (73%); followed by psychological ones such as overeating/food cravings, tearful/more sensitive to rejection (> 60%). More than 30% of the patients reported that the symptoms interfered in a moderate-tosevere way in their social and academic activities. After adjusted analysis, PMS was more prevalent in those who were attending the 1st/2nd semester of college (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.44; 95% CI 1.14-1.80), those who consumed alcohol in the last 30 days (PR 1.23; 95% CI 1.04-1.47), and those who had depression (PR 1.49; 95% CI 1.30-1.71).
Almost half of the university students had PMS and ~ 11%, PMDD. Physical symptoms were themost common and interfered in amoderate-to-severe way in various aspects of life. Attending the first semesters, consuming alcohol, and having depression were risk factors for PMS. The identification of risk factors for PMS is essential to prevent symptoms and reduce the impact of the syndrome.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2019;41(5):312-317
To evaluate the quality of life among university students with premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Faculdade Pernambucana de Saúde, in Recife, Brazil, between August 2016 and July 2017. Sociodemographic, gynecological, and lifestyle variables, and PMS occurrence, were investigated among 642 students. The short form of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL Bref) questionnaire was used to evaluate four domains of the quality of life of the students: physical, mental, social relationships, and environmental. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ criteria were used to define PMS.
Of the 642 students, 49.9% had PMS, 23.3% had mild PMS and 26.6% had premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Most of the students were between 18 and 24 years old, had regular menstrual cycles, and practiced physical activity. Regarding the physical and mental domains of the WHOQOL-Bref questionnaire, a statisticallysignificant difference was observed between the students who did not have and those who had mild or PMDD (p < 0.001). A difference was also found between the students who did not have PMS and those who had mild PMS in the social relationships (p = 0.001) and environmental domains (p = 0.009).
Mild PMS and PMDD are prevalent among university students on healthrelated courses, and the syndrome can affect the students’ self-assessment of all the domains of quality of life.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2019;41(5):312-317
To evaluate the quality of life among university students with premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Faculdade Pernambucana de Saúde, in Recife, Brazil, between August 2016 and July 2017. Sociodemographic, gynecological, and lifestyle variables, and PMS occurrence, were investigated among 642 students. The short form of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL Bref) questionnaire was used to evaluate four domains of the quality of life of the students: physical, mental, social relationships, and environmental. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ criteria were used to define PMS.
Of the 642 students, 49.9% had PMS, 23.3% had mild PMS and 26.6% had premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Most of the students were between 18 and 24 years old, had regular menstrual cycles, and practiced physical activity. Regarding the physical and mental domains of the WHOQOL-Bref questionnaire, a statisticallysignificant difference was observed between the students who did not have and those who had mild or PMDD (p < 0.001). A difference was also found between the students who did not have PMS and those who had mild PMS in the social relationships (p = 0.001) and environmental domains (p = 0.009).
Mild PMS and PMDD are prevalent among university students on healthrelated courses, and the syndrome can affect the students’ self-assessment of all the domains of quality of life.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2018;40(1):20-25
To validate the premenstrual symptoms screening tool (PSST) in relation to the daily record of severity of problems (DRSP) for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) diagnoses.
A cross-sectional study with 127 women (20 45 years) with PMS complaints. The women were evaluated in terms of weight, height and body mass index (BMI). After using the primary care evaluation of mental disorders (PRIME-MD) questionnaire to exclude the diagnosis of depression, the PSST was completed and the women were instructed to fill out the DRSP for two consecutive menstrual cycles. The agreement between the two questionnaires was assessed by the Kappa (k) and the prevalence-adjusted, bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK) values.
Two-hundred and eighty-two women met the eligibility criteria and answered the PSST. The DRSP was completed for two cycles by 127 women. The percentages of women with PMS and PMDD diagnoses by the DRSP were 74.8% and 3.9% respectively; by PSST, the percentages were41.7% and 34.6% respectively. The number of patients considered "normal" (with symptoms below the threshold for the diagnosis of PMS) was similar in both questionnaires. There was no agreement (Kappa = 0.12) in the results of PMS/ PMDD diagnosis (the PABAK coefficient confirmed this result = 0.39). The PSST had a high sensitivity (79%) and a low specificity (33.3%) for PMS/PMDD diagnosis.
The PSST should be considered a diagnostic screening tool. Positive PMS/PMDD cases by PSST should be further evaluated by DRSP to confirm the diagnosis.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2018;40(1):20-25
To validate the premenstrual symptoms screening tool (PSST) in relation to the daily record of severity of problems (DRSP) for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) diagnoses.
A cross-sectional study with 127 women (20 45 years) with PMS complaints. The women were evaluated in terms of weight, height and body mass index (BMI). After using the primary care evaluation of mental disorders (PRIME-MD) questionnaire to exclude the diagnosis of depression, the PSST was completed and the women were instructed to fill out the DRSP for two consecutive menstrual cycles. The agreement between the two questionnaires was assessed by the Kappa (k) and the prevalence-adjusted, bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK) values.
Two-hundred and eighty-two women met the eligibility criteria and answered the PSST. The DRSP was completed for two cycles by 127 women. The percentages of women with PMS and PMDD diagnoses by the DRSP were 74.8% and 3.9% respectively; by PSST, the percentages were41.7% and 34.6% respectively. The number of patients considered "normal" (with symptoms below the threshold for the diagnosis of PMS) was similar in both questionnaires. There was no agreement (Kappa = 0.12) in the results of PMS/ PMDD diagnosis (the PABAK coefficient confirmed this result = 0.39). The PSST had a high sensitivity (79%) and a low specificity (33.3%) for PMS/PMDD diagnosis.
The PSST should be considered a diagnostic screening tool. Positive PMS/PMDD cases by PSST should be further evaluated by DRSP to confirm the diagnosis.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2017;39(11):602-607
To investigate the level of anxiety and its relationship with interleukin (IL)- 10 (anti inflammatory cytokine that modulates mood swings) in a group of female soccer players.
Fifty-two eumenorrheic soccer players were evaluated (age 19.8 ± 4.7 years). The presence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and phases of the menstrual cycle were determined by a daily symptomreport (DSR) kept for 3 consecutivemonths. The concentration of cytokine IL-10 was determined from urine samples collected at four moments: at the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, and before (pre) and after (post) the simulated game, and it was quantified by flow cytometry (Luminex xMAP - EMDMillipore, Billerica, MA, USA). The level of anxietywas determined through the BAI anxiety questionnaire answered by all athletes at the same time of the urine collection. The Student t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation with significance level at 5% were used for data analysis.
We showed that the prevalence of PMS among female soccer players is similar to that reported in the literature. In addition,we showed that the group withPMS has a higher level of anxiety compared with group without PMS (p = 0.002). Interleukin-10 analysis in players without PMS revealed that there was a significant decrease in the level of this cytokine before the game during the luteal phase when compared with the follicular phase (p < 0.05). The correlation analysis between IL-10 and anxiety showed a negative correlation post-game in the luteal phase in the group without PMS (p = 0.02; r = -0.50) and a positive correlation post-game in the luteal phase in PMS group (p = 0.04; r = 0.36).
Our results suggest that IL-10 may contribute to reduce anxiety in the group without PMS. This could be attributed to the fact that no IL-10 variation was observed in the group with PMS, which presented higher anxiety symptoms when compared with the group without PMS.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2017;39(11):602-607
To investigate the level of anxiety and its relationship with interleukin (IL)- 10 (anti inflammatory cytokine that modulates mood swings) in a group of female soccer players.
Fifty-two eumenorrheic soccer players were evaluated (age 19.8 ± 4.7 years). The presence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and phases of the menstrual cycle were determined by a daily symptomreport (DSR) kept for 3 consecutivemonths. The concentration of cytokine IL-10 was determined from urine samples collected at four moments: at the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, and before (pre) and after (post) the simulated game, and it was quantified by flow cytometry (Luminex xMAP - EMDMillipore, Billerica, MA, USA). The level of anxietywas determined through the BAI anxiety questionnaire answered by all athletes at the same time of the urine collection. The Student t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation with significance level at 5% were used for data analysis.
We showed that the prevalence of PMS among female soccer players is similar to that reported in the literature. In addition,we showed that the group withPMS has a higher level of anxiety compared with group without PMS (p = 0.002). Interleukin-10 analysis in players without PMS revealed that there was a significant decrease in the level of this cytokine before the game during the luteal phase when compared with the follicular phase (p < 0.05). The correlation analysis between IL-10 and anxiety showed a negative correlation post-game in the luteal phase in the group without PMS (p = 0.02; r = -0.50) and a positive correlation post-game in the luteal phase in PMS group (p = 0.04; r = 0.36).
Our results suggest that IL-10 may contribute to reduce anxiety in the group without PMS. This could be attributed to the fact that no IL-10 variation was observed in the group with PMS, which presented higher anxiety symptoms when compared with the group without PMS.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(6):347-351
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000600005
Purpose: to analyze the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), its duration, time of presentation and pathogenesis. Methods: a questionnaire was applied to 254 women aged 20 to 44 years, without gynecological or clinical conditions affecting their general state or physical well-being, excluding those with amenorreha for more than six months, hysterectomized or pregnant. Results: one hundred and ten women (43.3%) describing at least one intense symptom causing harm to their life, were considered as having PMS. Irritability was presented by 86.4%, tiredness by 70.9%, depression by 61.8%, headache by 61.8%, breast tenderness by 59.1% and abdominal pain by 54.5%. Almost all (94.5%) had more that one symptom, 89.1% presented psychological complaints, and 76.4% associated physical and psychological complaints. Most declared that duration of the symptoms was three to four days (32.4%) or five to seven days (31.4%). Conclusions: the clinical picture of PMS is generally composed of irritability and/or depression, associated with tiredness and headache or breast pain, there being association of physical and psychological symptoms, for 3 to 7 days, and it is difficult to attribute a single etiology to it at this stage of knowledge.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(6):347-351
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000600005
Purpose: to analyze the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), its duration, time of presentation and pathogenesis. Methods: a questionnaire was applied to 254 women aged 20 to 44 years, without gynecological or clinical conditions affecting their general state or physical well-being, excluding those with amenorreha for more than six months, hysterectomized or pregnant. Results: one hundred and ten women (43.3%) describing at least one intense symptom causing harm to their life, were considered as having PMS. Irritability was presented by 86.4%, tiredness by 70.9%, depression by 61.8%, headache by 61.8%, breast tenderness by 59.1% and abdominal pain by 54.5%. Almost all (94.5%) had more that one symptom, 89.1% presented psychological complaints, and 76.4% associated physical and psychological complaints. Most declared that duration of the symptoms was three to four days (32.4%) or five to seven days (31.4%). Conclusions: the clinical picture of PMS is generally composed of irritability and/or depression, associated with tiredness and headache or breast pain, there being association of physical and psychological symptoms, for 3 to 7 days, and it is difficult to attribute a single etiology to it at this stage of knowledge.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2001;23(7):459-462
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032001000700008
Purpose: to compare the performance in tests between students with and without premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and between students with PMS in and outside the premenstrual period. Methods: the present study had a before-after design (quasi-experimental), to which 40 control patients without PMS were added. A total of 40 students from high school and courses for admission to the University were evaluated using, a standardized questionnaire. The students were divided, according to the scores obtained, into three groups: A) PMS group in the premenstrual period; B) PMS group outside the premenstrual period; C) control group (no PMS). The marks obtained in Physics and Math tests by the groups with and without PMS were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test. The marks of the group PMS in and outside the premenstrual period were evaluated by the signal test. Results: of 4438 questionnaires applied, 29 from students with PMS and 29 from controls were selected. Comparing the medians of the marks obtained by the students from the PMS group in and outside the premenstrual period, there was no significant difference. There was also no significant difference between the marks of the PMS and control groups. Also, when the scores were evaluated, there was no difference in and outside the period, in the PMS group. Conclusion: PMS was not able to modify significantly the students' marks or scores in this study.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2001;23(7):459-462
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032001000700008
Purpose: to compare the performance in tests between students with and without premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and between students with PMS in and outside the premenstrual period. Methods: the present study had a before-after design (quasi-experimental), to which 40 control patients without PMS were added. A total of 40 students from high school and courses for admission to the University were evaluated using, a standardized questionnaire. The students were divided, according to the scores obtained, into three groups: A) PMS group in the premenstrual period; B) PMS group outside the premenstrual period; C) control group (no PMS). The marks obtained in Physics and Math tests by the groups with and without PMS were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test. The marks of the group PMS in and outside the premenstrual period were evaluated by the signal test. Results: of 4438 questionnaires applied, 29 from students with PMS and 29 from controls were selected. Comparing the medians of the marks obtained by the students from the PMS group in and outside the premenstrual period, there was no significant difference. There was also no significant difference between the marks of the PMS and control groups. Also, when the scores were evaluated, there was no difference in and outside the period, in the PMS group. Conclusion: PMS was not able to modify significantly the students' marks or scores in this study.
