Isoimmunization Archives - Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 1998;20(3):137-144
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031998000300003
Objective: to report 54 intrauterine intravascular transfusions (IITs), describing procedure related complications and associated perinatal morbidity and mortality. Methods: fetuses undergoing IITs at Clínica Materno-Fetal and Maternidade Carmela Dutra, Florianópolis, SC, between January 1992 and August 1997 were included in the study. Patients demographics, procedure and newborn related data were tabulated for analysis and presented in descriptive form, using percentage, mean, standard deviation, median, range and relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval as appropriate. Results: fifty IITs and four exchange transfusions were performed in twenty-one fetuses. There were four deaths (20%), three of which occurred (75%) in hydropic fetuses. Mean gestational age at the time of the first IIT was 29.1 weeks, the mean hemoglobin concentration was 7.1 mg/dl and the mean rise in hemoglobin level per procedure was 5.69 mg/dl. Procedure related mortality rate was 7.4%. Mean gestational age at birth was 33.9 weeks and mean birth weight was 2,437 grams. Sixty-five percent of the newborns received complementary exchange transfusions. Conclusion: the procedure related mortality rate was 7.4%, similar to the mortality rate reported in the world literature. The perinatal mortality rate (20%) was higher than that reported in other countries but lower than the perinatal mortality rate reported in a study conducted in Brazil, with a similar prevalence of hydropic fetuses.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 1998;20(3):137-144
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031998000300003
Objective: to report 54 intrauterine intravascular transfusions (IITs), describing procedure related complications and associated perinatal morbidity and mortality. Methods: fetuses undergoing IITs at Clínica Materno-Fetal and Maternidade Carmela Dutra, Florianópolis, SC, between January 1992 and August 1997 were included in the study. Patients demographics, procedure and newborn related data were tabulated for analysis and presented in descriptive form, using percentage, mean, standard deviation, median, range and relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval as appropriate. Results: fifty IITs and four exchange transfusions were performed in twenty-one fetuses. There were four deaths (20%), three of which occurred (75%) in hydropic fetuses. Mean gestational age at the time of the first IIT was 29.1 weeks, the mean hemoglobin concentration was 7.1 mg/dl and the mean rise in hemoglobin level per procedure was 5.69 mg/dl. Procedure related mortality rate was 7.4%. Mean gestational age at birth was 33.9 weeks and mean birth weight was 2,437 grams. Sixty-five percent of the newborns received complementary exchange transfusions. Conclusion: the procedure related mortality rate was 7.4%, similar to the mortality rate reported in the world literature. The perinatal mortality rate (20%) was higher than that reported in other countries but lower than the perinatal mortality rate reported in a study conducted in Brazil, with a similar prevalence of hydropic fetuses.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2001;23(10):653-657
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032001001000007
Purpose: to verify if there is an association between the mean blood velocity in the descending thoracic aorta and fetal anemia diagnosis. Methods: this is a prospective, cross-sectional study in which the mean blood velocities in the fetal aorta, in 66 fetuses at risk for severe anemia due to severe Rh immunization, and cord blood hemoglobin levels were analyzed comparatively. The hemoglobin level was obtained by cordocentesis if an intravascular transfusion was performed for severe anemia, however, if the fetus received an intrauterine transfusion by the intraperitoneal route or if the fetus did not receive a transfusion at all, hemoglobin level was measured at the time of pregnancy termination by umbilical cord puncture. The authors made a statistical association between the mean blood velocity in fetal descending thoracic aorta and the diagnosis of fetal anemia. The c² test was used for statistical analysis and a p value <0,05 was used to indicate significance. Results: there was a significant and indirect association between the mean blood velocity in the descending thoracic aorta and the detection of fetal anemia. The mean blood velocity in fetal thoracic aorta had a sensitivity of 47.4% for the diagnosis of moderate fetal anemia (Hg<10.0 g/dL), with a p value <0.01 by the Fisher exact test, and a sensitivity of 54.5% for severe Rh isoimmunization (Hg<7.0 g/dL), with a p value =0.01. Conclusion: this study revealed a significant indirect correlation between mean blood velocity in the descending thoracic aorta and the detection of fetal anemia due to Rh isoimmunization.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2001;23(10):653-657
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032001001000007
Purpose: to verify if there is an association between the mean blood velocity in the descending thoracic aorta and fetal anemia diagnosis. Methods: this is a prospective, cross-sectional study in which the mean blood velocities in the fetal aorta, in 66 fetuses at risk for severe anemia due to severe Rh immunization, and cord blood hemoglobin levels were analyzed comparatively. The hemoglobin level was obtained by cordocentesis if an intravascular transfusion was performed for severe anemia, however, if the fetus received an intrauterine transfusion by the intraperitoneal route or if the fetus did not receive a transfusion at all, hemoglobin level was measured at the time of pregnancy termination by umbilical cord puncture. The authors made a statistical association between the mean blood velocity in fetal descending thoracic aorta and the diagnosis of fetal anemia. The c² test was used for statistical analysis and a p value <0,05 was used to indicate significance. Results: there was a significant and indirect association between the mean blood velocity in the descending thoracic aorta and the detection of fetal anemia. The mean blood velocity in fetal thoracic aorta had a sensitivity of 47.4% for the diagnosis of moderate fetal anemia (Hg<10.0 g/dL), with a p value <0.01 by the Fisher exact test, and a sensitivity of 54.5% for severe Rh isoimmunization (Hg<7.0 g/dL), with a p value =0.01. Conclusion: this study revealed a significant indirect correlation between mean blood velocity in the descending thoracic aorta and the detection of fetal anemia due to Rh isoimmunization.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2001;23(5):299-303
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032001000500005
Purpose: to evaluate the intrauterine treatment of anemic fetuses that underwent intrauterine transfusions due to rhesus isoimmunization. Methods: the authors studied sixty-one fetuses undergoing intrauterine transfusions by the intravascular, intraperitoneal or both routes. The hydropic fetuses (19.7%) received only intravascular intrauterine transfusions. There was an overall number of 163 intrauterine transfusions with a mean of 2.7 procedures for each case. The indications for intrauterine transfusions were high values of bilirubin in amniotic fluid analyses by the Liley method or a hemoglobin concentration of cord blood below 10.0 g/mL. Results: the overall perinatal survival rate was 46% for hydropic fetuses and 84% for the nonhydropic ones. There were no maternal side effects related to the procedures. Half of the intrauterine transfusions were performed by the intravascular route. The mean gestational age at the delivery was 34.8 weeks. Conclusions: despite better perinatal results with intrauterine transfusions guided by ultrasound, especially using intravascular procedures, rhesus isoimmunization remains as an important cause of high rates of perinatal morbidity and mortality.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2001;23(5):299-303
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032001000500005
Purpose: to evaluate the intrauterine treatment of anemic fetuses that underwent intrauterine transfusions due to rhesus isoimmunization. Methods: the authors studied sixty-one fetuses undergoing intrauterine transfusions by the intravascular, intraperitoneal or both routes. The hydropic fetuses (19.7%) received only intravascular intrauterine transfusions. There was an overall number of 163 intrauterine transfusions with a mean of 2.7 procedures for each case. The indications for intrauterine transfusions were high values of bilirubin in amniotic fluid analyses by the Liley method or a hemoglobin concentration of cord blood below 10.0 g/mL. Results: the overall perinatal survival rate was 46% for hydropic fetuses and 84% for the nonhydropic ones. There were no maternal side effects related to the procedures. Half of the intrauterine transfusions were performed by the intravascular route. The mean gestational age at the delivery was 34.8 weeks. Conclusions: despite better perinatal results with intrauterine transfusions guided by ultrasound, especially using intravascular procedures, rhesus isoimmunization remains as an important cause of high rates of perinatal morbidity and mortality.