Infection in pregnancy Archives - Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2005;27(3):143-148
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032005000300008
PURPOSE: to describe etiology, evolution and prevalence of hydrops fetalis in a cohort of pregnant women during a period of ten years (1992 to 2002) in a tertiary maternity. METHODS: a retrospective study was carried out in patients referred to the maternity of the Fernandes Figueira Institute, with diagnosis of hydrops fetalis, detected by ultrasonography, during the period from 1992 to 2002. The cases were selected according to etiology (immune or nonimmune) and evolution, performed invasive procedures and survival were compared between both groups. Analysis of variables was performed by Epi-Info 6.0 and a p value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistical significant. RESULTS: in ten years of follow-up, 80 patients with an initial diagnosis of hydrops were attended. The frequency of hydrops in this population was 1 in 157 live births. Rh immunization (immune group) was detected in 13 cases (16.2%), and for 67 cases (83.8%) nonimmune causes (nonimmune group) were considered. Major causes of nonimmune hydrops fetalis were idiopathic (40.2%), genetic (20.8%), infectious diseases (20.7%), and cardiopathy (7.4%). A difference was found in relation to maternal age in the immune group (mean = 32.8 years) when compared with the nonimmune group (mean = 28.7 years) (p=0.03), but gestational age at delivery was similar in both groups (mean = 33.6 weeks in the immune group and 33.1 weeks in the nonimmune group) (p=0.66). Amniocentesis and blood transfusion in utero were carried out more frequently in the immune group (p<0.001) and perinatal mortality was 53.8% in the immune group and 68.6% in the nonimmune group (p=0.47). Complementary research of IgG anti-parvovirus B19 antibodies was carried out in 41 of 67 cases of nonimmune hydrops, with 16 being positive for the presence of anti-B19 IgG antibodies. CONCLUSION: nonimmune etiology was the most common form of presentation of hydrops fetalis in our study. Perinatal mortality of this entity is still high and a substantial number of cases had no identified cause. Characterization of fetal karyotype and performance of specific parvovirus B19 serology could increase causal identification of nonimmune hydrops classified as idiopathic.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2005;27(3):143-148
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032005000300008
PURPOSE: to describe etiology, evolution and prevalence of hydrops fetalis in a cohort of pregnant women during a period of ten years (1992 to 2002) in a tertiary maternity. METHODS: a retrospective study was carried out in patients referred to the maternity of the Fernandes Figueira Institute, with diagnosis of hydrops fetalis, detected by ultrasonography, during the period from 1992 to 2002. The cases were selected according to etiology (immune or nonimmune) and evolution, performed invasive procedures and survival were compared between both groups. Analysis of variables was performed by Epi-Info 6.0 and a p value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistical significant. RESULTS: in ten years of follow-up, 80 patients with an initial diagnosis of hydrops were attended. The frequency of hydrops in this population was 1 in 157 live births. Rh immunization (immune group) was detected in 13 cases (16.2%), and for 67 cases (83.8%) nonimmune causes (nonimmune group) were considered. Major causes of nonimmune hydrops fetalis were idiopathic (40.2%), genetic (20.8%), infectious diseases (20.7%), and cardiopathy (7.4%). A difference was found in relation to maternal age in the immune group (mean = 32.8 years) when compared with the nonimmune group (mean = 28.7 years) (p=0.03), but gestational age at delivery was similar in both groups (mean = 33.6 weeks in the immune group and 33.1 weeks in the nonimmune group) (p=0.66). Amniocentesis and blood transfusion in utero were carried out more frequently in the immune group (p<0.001) and perinatal mortality was 53.8% in the immune group and 68.6% in the nonimmune group (p=0.47). Complementary research of IgG anti-parvovirus B19 antibodies was carried out in 41 of 67 cases of nonimmune hydrops, with 16 being positive for the presence of anti-B19 IgG antibodies. CONCLUSION: nonimmune etiology was the most common form of presentation of hydrops fetalis in our study. Perinatal mortality of this entity is still high and a substantial number of cases had no identified cause. Characterization of fetal karyotype and performance of specific parvovirus B19 serology could increase causal identification of nonimmune hydrops classified as idiopathic.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2005;27(1):32-36
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032005000100007
PURPOSE: to evaluate the prevalence of HIV infection in parturient women from maternity hospitals linked to the Public Health Service in Sergipe state (Brazil) using the rapid test, and to evaluate this strategy to introduce the protocol for adequate management of HIV patients. METHODS: cross-sectional study which included the training of all health personnel and enrollment of every parturient woman admitted to maternity hospitals linked to the Public Health Service of Sergipe in the Northeast of Brazil. They received instructions about HIV perinatal transmission, were asked to undertake the rapid test, independently of their knowledge about their HIV serologic status, and signed the term of free consent. Additional information about antenatal care and obstetric history was obtained. The test used was the DetermineTM - Abbott Laboratories, and we used the Health Ministry protocol for HIV infeccion prophylaxis. A database was created at Epi-Info 2002, and the prevalence was calculated in relation to all tests performed from January 2003 to March 2004. RESULTS: after 9215 performed tests, 39 HIV-seropositive patients (0.42%) were detected. Twenty-three of them (59%) had no previous knowledge about their seropositivity. Two patients that already knew their positive sorology status did not refer this condition to the health persomel. The Health Ministry protocol was used for all positive cases. Antenatal care attendance was high (89%) but only 32.5% of the patients had already been submitted to an HIV serologic test during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: HIV prevalence in pregnant women (0.42%) in Sergipe was similar to the average rate in Brazil. A large number of seropositive pregnant women did not know their serologic status at the moment of delivery. This indicates bad antenatal care performance and the necessity to keep using HIV rapid test at the moment of labor and delivery in order to reduce vertical transmission.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2005;27(1):32-36
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032005000100007
PURPOSE: to evaluate the prevalence of HIV infection in parturient women from maternity hospitals linked to the Public Health Service in Sergipe state (Brazil) using the rapid test, and to evaluate this strategy to introduce the protocol for adequate management of HIV patients. METHODS: cross-sectional study which included the training of all health personnel and enrollment of every parturient woman admitted to maternity hospitals linked to the Public Health Service of Sergipe in the Northeast of Brazil. They received instructions about HIV perinatal transmission, were asked to undertake the rapid test, independently of their knowledge about their HIV serologic status, and signed the term of free consent. Additional information about antenatal care and obstetric history was obtained. The test used was the DetermineTM - Abbott Laboratories, and we used the Health Ministry protocol for HIV infeccion prophylaxis. A database was created at Epi-Info 2002, and the prevalence was calculated in relation to all tests performed from January 2003 to March 2004. RESULTS: after 9215 performed tests, 39 HIV-seropositive patients (0.42%) were detected. Twenty-three of them (59%) had no previous knowledge about their seropositivity. Two patients that already knew their positive sorology status did not refer this condition to the health persomel. The Health Ministry protocol was used for all positive cases. Antenatal care attendance was high (89%) but only 32.5% of the patients had already been submitted to an HIV serologic test during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: HIV prevalence in pregnant women (0.42%) in Sergipe was similar to the average rate in Brazil. A large number of seropositive pregnant women did not know their serologic status at the moment of delivery. This indicates bad antenatal care performance and the necessity to keep using HIV rapid test at the moment of labor and delivery in order to reduce vertical transmission.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2004;26(10):807-812
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004001000008
PURPOSE: placental villitis has been correlated with perinatal infection, although a percentage of cases remains etiologically unknown. The present study was aimed at the systematic morphological study of placentas for imunohistochemical characterization of villitis and assessment of its possible correlation with maternal and fetal outcome. METHODS: a hundred and twenty-eight placentas were studied. Gross examination was performed and all collected fragments were analyzed microscopically by the hematoxylin-eosin method. Villits was classified according to the inflammatory degree in to mild, moderate and severe. The immunohistochemical study to identify infectious agents was performed using monoclonal antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii and Cytomegalovirus. For inflammatory cell phenotype identification monoclonal antibodies against CD68, CD57, CD3, and CD20 were used. Statistical analysis was performed with the variables: maternal age and fetal gestational age, fetal and placental weight, and fetal and maternal outcomes. To compare the two groups we used the Mann-Whitney test and for proportions we used the chi2 test. The differences in the mean values between the treatment groups were considered statistically significant when p<0.05 (5%). RESULTS: villitis was identified in 11.7% of the cases. In 40% of the cases the children were stillborn (p=0.003). One case showed positive staining for toxoplasmosis while the remaining cases were negative. Imunohistochemical staining showed CD68+ cells, PanT+ cells and negative CD57 and PanB cells. CONCLUSION: we concluded that the intensity of the inflammatory process in the placenta was correlated with the severity of the fetal disease. The inflammatory cells in the villitis focus were macrophages; however, we could not identify infectious agents correlated with the villitis.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2004;26(10):807-812
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004001000008
PURPOSE: placental villitis has been correlated with perinatal infection, although a percentage of cases remains etiologically unknown. The present study was aimed at the systematic morphological study of placentas for imunohistochemical characterization of villitis and assessment of its possible correlation with maternal and fetal outcome. METHODS: a hundred and twenty-eight placentas were studied. Gross examination was performed and all collected fragments were analyzed microscopically by the hematoxylin-eosin method. Villits was classified according to the inflammatory degree in to mild, moderate and severe. The immunohistochemical study to identify infectious agents was performed using monoclonal antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii and Cytomegalovirus. For inflammatory cell phenotype identification monoclonal antibodies against CD68, CD57, CD3, and CD20 were used. Statistical analysis was performed with the variables: maternal age and fetal gestational age, fetal and placental weight, and fetal and maternal outcomes. To compare the two groups we used the Mann-Whitney test and for proportions we used the chi2 test. The differences in the mean values between the treatment groups were considered statistically significant when p<0.05 (5%). RESULTS: villitis was identified in 11.7% of the cases. In 40% of the cases the children were stillborn (p=0.003). One case showed positive staining for toxoplasmosis while the remaining cases were negative. Imunohistochemical staining showed CD68+ cells, PanT+ cells and negative CD57 and PanB cells. CONCLUSION: we concluded that the intensity of the inflammatory process in the placenta was correlated with the severity of the fetal disease. The inflammatory cells in the villitis focus were macrophages; however, we could not identify infectious agents correlated with the villitis.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2004;26(7):543-549
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004000700006
PURPOSE: to study the prevalence of colonization by group B Streptococcus in pregnant women in the last three months of gestation, and to evaluate the association of colonization with demographic and clinical maternal variables. METHODS: from October 8, 2002 to March 26, 2003, a transversal study of prevalence of colonization by group B Streptococcus was carried out in 309 pregnant women in the last three months of gestation. Samples of vaginal and anorectal secretions were collected and were tested for presumptive identification of group B Streptococcus. The pregnant women were studied according to race, age, level of instruction, family income, number of gestations, gestational age, history of urinary tract infection during present pregnancy, premature rupture of membranes and duration of ruptured membranes, intrapartum fever, chorioamnionitis, meconium in the amniotic fluid, spontaneous or cesarean section delivery, postpartum fever, and postpartum endometritis. RESULTS: fourty-six pregnant women were diagnosed with group B Streptococcus: 26 of them (56.5%) had positive vaginal culture, 8 (17.4%) positive anorectal culture and 12 (26.5%) had both vaginal and anorectal positive cultures. None of the maternal variables were statistically significant with respect to group B Streptococcus colonization. The results were submitted to chi2 bivariate analysis and, when appropriate, Fisher's exact test. CONCLUSION: the prevalence rate of vaginal and anorectal colonization by group B Streptococcus in pregnant women in the last three months of gestation, in Londrina - Paraná, was 14.9%.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2004;26(7):543-549
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004000700006
PURPOSE: to study the prevalence of colonization by group B Streptococcus in pregnant women in the last three months of gestation, and to evaluate the association of colonization with demographic and clinical maternal variables. METHODS: from October 8, 2002 to March 26, 2003, a transversal study of prevalence of colonization by group B Streptococcus was carried out in 309 pregnant women in the last three months of gestation. Samples of vaginal and anorectal secretions were collected and were tested for presumptive identification of group B Streptococcus. The pregnant women were studied according to race, age, level of instruction, family income, number of gestations, gestational age, history of urinary tract infection during present pregnancy, premature rupture of membranes and duration of ruptured membranes, intrapartum fever, chorioamnionitis, meconium in the amniotic fluid, spontaneous or cesarean section delivery, postpartum fever, and postpartum endometritis. RESULTS: fourty-six pregnant women were diagnosed with group B Streptococcus: 26 of them (56.5%) had positive vaginal culture, 8 (17.4%) positive anorectal culture and 12 (26.5%) had both vaginal and anorectal positive cultures. None of the maternal variables were statistically significant with respect to group B Streptococcus colonization. The results were submitted to chi2 bivariate analysis and, when appropriate, Fisher's exact test. CONCLUSION: the prevalence rate of vaginal and anorectal colonization by group B Streptococcus in pregnant women in the last three months of gestation, in Londrina - Paraná, was 14.9%.