hormone replacement therapy Archives - Page 2 of 2 - Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2007;29(5):248-252
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032007000500005
PURPOSE: to analyze the isoflavone and estrogen effects on the postmenopausal quality of life. METHODS: this is a randomized and double-blind study with 79 postmenopausal patients, 12 months of amenorrhea, 40 years old or more and body mass index (BMI) above 30 kg/m². The participants were randomly divided into two treatment groups: GECP received orally two capsules, every 12 hours, one contained 0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogen and another placebo (n=33); GECS received two capsules of 150 mg extract of soy, with 60 mg isoflavone (n=32). Both treatments were administered for six months. The Quality Menopause Specific Questionnaire of Life was applied before and after one, three and six months of treatment. The parameters of gynecological cancer risk were evaluated. ANOVA and the Tukey test were used for data analysis. RESULTS: there was a reduction in the values of the vasomotor parameters after six months of treatment, 1.6±0.8 and 2.4±1.6, compared to before therapy, 4.0±2.2 and 4.2±2.3 in GECP and GECS, respectively. The psychological aspects showed reduction in values after six months of therapy, 2.5±1.2 and 2.9±1.4, compared to before treatment, 3.6±1.6 and 4.1±1.9 in GECP and GECS, respectively. Similar results were obtained on the physical aspects and in the sexual symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: isoflavones may positively act on life quality of postmenopausal women. This effect was similar to conjugated equine estrogen.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2007;29(5):248-252
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032007000500005
PURPOSE: to analyze the isoflavone and estrogen effects on the postmenopausal quality of life. METHODS: this is a randomized and double-blind study with 79 postmenopausal patients, 12 months of amenorrhea, 40 years old or more and body mass index (BMI) above 30 kg/m². The participants were randomly divided into two treatment groups: GECP received orally two capsules, every 12 hours, one contained 0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogen and another placebo (n=33); GECS received two capsules of 150 mg extract of soy, with 60 mg isoflavone (n=32). Both treatments were administered for six months. The Quality Menopause Specific Questionnaire of Life was applied before and after one, three and six months of treatment. The parameters of gynecological cancer risk were evaluated. ANOVA and the Tukey test were used for data analysis. RESULTS: there was a reduction in the values of the vasomotor parameters after six months of treatment, 1.6±0.8 and 2.4±1.6, compared to before therapy, 4.0±2.2 and 4.2±2.3 in GECP and GECS, respectively. The psychological aspects showed reduction in values after six months of therapy, 2.5±1.2 and 2.9±1.4, compared to before treatment, 3.6±1.6 and 4.1±1.9 in GECP and GECS, respectively. Similar results were obtained on the physical aspects and in the sexual symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: isoflavones may positively act on life quality of postmenopausal women. This effect was similar to conjugated equine estrogen.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2007;29(1):27-33
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032007000100005
PURPOSE: to evaluate oxidative stress in cardiac tissue of ovariectomized rats, with and without hormonal therapy. METHODS: female Wistar rats were divided in three groups: control group (CG); ovariectomized group (OG); ovariectomized group with estrogen supplementation (ESG). The estrogen deprivation was done through bilateral ovariectomy. After one week from the ovariectomy, a pellet of 1.5 mg of 17beta-estradiol was implanted in the ESG animals. Nine weeks after the ovariectomy, cardiac tissue was obtained for the analysis of the oxidative stress through CL (chemiluminescence), and measurement of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and gluthatione peroxidase (GPx). RESULTS: CL was increased in the OG (7348±312 cps/mg protein) when compared with the CG (6250±41 cps/mg protein, p<0.01), but there was no significant difference between the CG and the ESG (6170±237 cps/mg protein). Ovariectomy reduced SOD (35%, p<0.05) and CAT (22%, p<0.001) activities in the OG as compared with the CG. Hormonal therapy normalized antioxidant enzymes activities in the ESG. There was no statistically significant difference in GPx activity among the groups studied. CONCLUSIONS: ovarian hormone deprivation induced an increase of oxidative stress with reduction of antioxidant defenses in the cardiac tissue. However, hormonal therapy prevented oxidative stress after ovariectomy, probably due to an increase of the CAT and SOD activities in the cardiac muscle. These findings suggest an important oxidative stress contribution in cardiovascular dysfunctions observed in women after menopause, reinforcing the importance of hormonal therapy in the management of cardiovascular diseases risk in this group of women.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2007;29(1):27-33
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032007000100005
PURPOSE: to evaluate oxidative stress in cardiac tissue of ovariectomized rats, with and without hormonal therapy. METHODS: female Wistar rats were divided in three groups: control group (CG); ovariectomized group (OG); ovariectomized group with estrogen supplementation (ESG). The estrogen deprivation was done through bilateral ovariectomy. After one week from the ovariectomy, a pellet of 1.5 mg of 17beta-estradiol was implanted in the ESG animals. Nine weeks after the ovariectomy, cardiac tissue was obtained for the analysis of the oxidative stress through CL (chemiluminescence), and measurement of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and gluthatione peroxidase (GPx). RESULTS: CL was increased in the OG (7348±312 cps/mg protein) when compared with the CG (6250±41 cps/mg protein, p<0.01), but there was no significant difference between the CG and the ESG (6170±237 cps/mg protein). Ovariectomy reduced SOD (35%, p<0.05) and CAT (22%, p<0.001) activities in the OG as compared with the CG. Hormonal therapy normalized antioxidant enzymes activities in the ESG. There was no statistically significant difference in GPx activity among the groups studied. CONCLUSIONS: ovarian hormone deprivation induced an increase of oxidative stress with reduction of antioxidant defenses in the cardiac tissue. However, hormonal therapy prevented oxidative stress after ovariectomy, probably due to an increase of the CAT and SOD activities in the cardiac muscle. These findings suggest an important oxidative stress contribution in cardiovascular dysfunctions observed in women after menopause, reinforcing the importance of hormonal therapy in the management of cardiovascular diseases risk in this group of women.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2006;28(11):658-663
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032006001100005
PURPOSE: to analyze breast tissue of postmenopausal women before and after six months of continuous combined estrogen-progestin replacement therapy (0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogens associated with 2.5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate). METHODS: all patients were evaluated before treatment and considered eligible to receive the drug. The material was obtained from the upper outer left quadrant, through a percutaneous large-core breast biopsy. Epithelial density and nuclear volume on hematoxylin-eosin-stained plates were evaluated for the morphological study. Morphometry was graphically analyzed by optical microscopy (400X) after acquisition of image by a digital image-capturing system (Vidcap 32) and image analysis system (Imagelab 2000 Software®). RESULTS: after six months of estrogen-progestin replacement therapy, there was a significant increase in nuclear volume in late postmenopausal women (103.6 to 138.1 µm³). There was no difference in epithelial density with the treatment (before 0.08 and later 0.10). CONCLUSIONS: estrogen-progestin combined replacement therapy for six months induced an enhacement in nuclear volume of breast epithelial cells, suggesting an increase in their metabolic activity. However, it is important to emphasize that this finding was observed only in late postmenopausal women. The increased nuclear volume could precede other events that confirm the stimulation of cellular proliferation by these hormones.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2006;28(11):658-663
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032006001100005
PURPOSE: to analyze breast tissue of postmenopausal women before and after six months of continuous combined estrogen-progestin replacement therapy (0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogens associated with 2.5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate). METHODS: all patients were evaluated before treatment and considered eligible to receive the drug. The material was obtained from the upper outer left quadrant, through a percutaneous large-core breast biopsy. Epithelial density and nuclear volume on hematoxylin-eosin-stained plates were evaluated for the morphological study. Morphometry was graphically analyzed by optical microscopy (400X) after acquisition of image by a digital image-capturing system (Vidcap 32) and image analysis system (Imagelab 2000 Software®). RESULTS: after six months of estrogen-progestin replacement therapy, there was a significant increase in nuclear volume in late postmenopausal women (103.6 to 138.1 µm³). There was no difference in epithelial density with the treatment (before 0.08 and later 0.10). CONCLUSIONS: estrogen-progestin combined replacement therapy for six months induced an enhacement in nuclear volume of breast epithelial cells, suggesting an increase in their metabolic activity. However, it is important to emphasize that this finding was observed only in late postmenopausal women. The increased nuclear volume could precede other events that confirm the stimulation of cellular proliferation by these hormones.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2006;28(2):101-106
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032006000200005
PURPOSE: to evaluate the effects of conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) and raloxifene (Ral), alone or combined, on the rat endometrium. METHODS: fifty-six adult rats were ovariectomized and randomly divided into seven groups: GCont (control); GCEE (CEE 50 µg/kg); GCEE/25 (CEE 25 µg/kg); GRal/0.75 (Ral 0.75 mg/kg); GRal/0.4 (Ral 0.4 mg/kg); GCEERal (50/0.75) - (CEE 50 µg/kg + Ral 0.75 mg/kg), and GCEE-Ral (25/0.4) - (CEE 25 µg/kg + Ral 0.4 mg/kg). The drugs were orally administered (gavage) for 21 consecutive days. At the end of the experiment, all animals were anesthetized and sacrificed. Fragments of uterus were removed, fixed in 10% formaldehyde and processed for paraffin inclusion. The histological sections were stained by HE and submitted to histomorphometric evaluation. The following parameters were analyzed: thickness of superficial epithelium and number of endometrial glands/mm² and of blood vessels/mm². The data were evaluated using ANOVA followed by the Turkey-Kramer test. RESULTS: in the GCont and only Ral treatment (GRal/0.75 and GRal/0.4) the endometrium showed signals of atrophy. In the groups treated with only CEE signs of endometrial proliferation were observed, mainly in group GCEE/50. Also, there was endometrial proliferation in the groups that received combined CEE and Ral (Ral GCEE (50/0.75) and GCEE-Ral (25/0.4)), but it was more intensive in the animals treated with isolated estrogen than in those that received combined estrogen and raloxifene. CONCLUSION: raloxifene may partially block the action of estrogen on the castrated adult rat endometrium.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2006;28(2):101-106
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032006000200005
PURPOSE: to evaluate the effects of conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) and raloxifene (Ral), alone or combined, on the rat endometrium. METHODS: fifty-six adult rats were ovariectomized and randomly divided into seven groups: GCont (control); GCEE (CEE 50 µg/kg); GCEE/25 (CEE 25 µg/kg); GRal/0.75 (Ral 0.75 mg/kg); GRal/0.4 (Ral 0.4 mg/kg); GCEERal (50/0.75) - (CEE 50 µg/kg + Ral 0.75 mg/kg), and GCEE-Ral (25/0.4) - (CEE 25 µg/kg + Ral 0.4 mg/kg). The drugs were orally administered (gavage) for 21 consecutive days. At the end of the experiment, all animals were anesthetized and sacrificed. Fragments of uterus were removed, fixed in 10% formaldehyde and processed for paraffin inclusion. The histological sections were stained by HE and submitted to histomorphometric evaluation. The following parameters were analyzed: thickness of superficial epithelium and number of endometrial glands/mm² and of blood vessels/mm². The data were evaluated using ANOVA followed by the Turkey-Kramer test. RESULTS: in the GCont and only Ral treatment (GRal/0.75 and GRal/0.4) the endometrium showed signals of atrophy. In the groups treated with only CEE signs of endometrial proliferation were observed, mainly in group GCEE/50. Also, there was endometrial proliferation in the groups that received combined CEE and Ral (Ral GCEE (50/0.75) and GCEE-Ral (25/0.4)), but it was more intensive in the animals treated with isolated estrogen than in those that received combined estrogen and raloxifene. CONCLUSION: raloxifene may partially block the action of estrogen on the castrated adult rat endometrium.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2000;22(4):229-233
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000400007
Purpose: to evaluate the effects of hormone replacement therapy on the body mass index of postmenopausal women. Methods: for this purpose, 166 users and 136 non-users of hormone replacement were evaluated retrospectively during a period of three years. All women were assisted at the Menopause Outpatient Clinic of CAISM - UNICAMP, where the variations in this parameter were evaluated at the end of each year in relation to the initial parameters. The data analysis was performed through chi² test, Student's t test, and Mann-Whitney test. Results: we observed no significant variations in the body mass index, when comparing users and non-users during the three years of observation. Conclusion: hormone replacement therapy did not produce changes in this parameter in women properly assisted during its use.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2000;22(4):229-233
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000400007
Purpose: to evaluate the effects of hormone replacement therapy on the body mass index of postmenopausal women. Methods: for this purpose, 166 users and 136 non-users of hormone replacement were evaluated retrospectively during a period of three years. All women were assisted at the Menopause Outpatient Clinic of CAISM - UNICAMP, where the variations in this parameter were evaluated at the end of each year in relation to the initial parameters. The data analysis was performed through chi² test, Student's t test, and Mann-Whitney test. Results: we observed no significant variations in the body mass index, when comparing users and non-users during the three years of observation. Conclusion: hormone replacement therapy did not produce changes in this parameter in women properly assisted during its use.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2000;22(5):287-292
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000500006
Purpose: to evaluate the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of postmenopausal women. Methods: a total of 166 users and 136 non-users of hormone replacement were evaluated retrospectively during a period of three years. All women were assisted at the Menopause Outpatient Clinic of CAISM -- Unicamp, where the variations of these parameters were evaluated at the end of each year in relation to the initial parameters. The data analysis was performed through Student's t test, Mann-Whitney test, and the Wilcoxon nonparametric test. Results: we observed that the systolic blood pressure of HRT users was statistically lower at the end of the third year of use, compared to the initial values (p = 0.01). There was no significant difference in the diastolic blood pressure between users and non-users. Conclusion: hormone replacement therapy did not produce changes in the parameters studied in women properly assisted during the use of HRT.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2000;22(5):287-292
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000500006
Purpose: to evaluate the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of postmenopausal women. Methods: a total of 166 users and 136 non-users of hormone replacement were evaluated retrospectively during a period of three years. All women were assisted at the Menopause Outpatient Clinic of CAISM -- Unicamp, where the variations of these parameters were evaluated at the end of each year in relation to the initial parameters. The data analysis was performed through Student's t test, Mann-Whitney test, and the Wilcoxon nonparametric test. Results: we observed that the systolic blood pressure of HRT users was statistically lower at the end of the third year of use, compared to the initial values (p = 0.01). There was no significant difference in the diastolic blood pressure between users and non-users. Conclusion: hormone replacement therapy did not produce changes in the parameters studied in women properly assisted during the use of HRT.