Case-control studies Archives - Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2013;35(12):569-574
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032013001200007
PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of homozygous deletion of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes and their combinations between patients with breast cancer and healthy individuals, associating them with disease susceptibility. METHODS: This is a case-control study in which 49 women diagnosed with breast cancer confirmed by pathological examination and 49 healthy women with no evidence of cancer and no prior family history of breast cancer were invited to participate. All of them answered a questionnaire with epidemiological data and were submitted to blood sample collection. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood, and genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed with SPSS 20.0. RESULTS: The frequency of null alleles for GSTM1 and GSTT1 was 58.8 and 61.7%, respectively, for patients with breast cancer, and 41.2 and 38.3%, respectively, in control patients. In homozygous deletion of the GSTM1 gene, a significantly higher frequency was found in the breast cancer cases. CONCLUSION: Breast cancer patients presented higher frequency of homozygous deletion of the GSTM1 gene compared with the control group.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2013;35(12):569-574
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032013001200007
PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of homozygous deletion of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes and their combinations between patients with breast cancer and healthy individuals, associating them with disease susceptibility. METHODS: This is a case-control study in which 49 women diagnosed with breast cancer confirmed by pathological examination and 49 healthy women with no evidence of cancer and no prior family history of breast cancer were invited to participate. All of them answered a questionnaire with epidemiological data and were submitted to blood sample collection. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood, and genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed with SPSS 20.0. RESULTS: The frequency of null alleles for GSTM1 and GSTT1 was 58.8 and 61.7%, respectively, for patients with breast cancer, and 41.2 and 38.3%, respectively, in control patients. In homozygous deletion of the GSTM1 gene, a significantly higher frequency was found in the breast cancer cases. CONCLUSION: Breast cancer patients presented higher frequency of homozygous deletion of the GSTM1 gene compared with the control group.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2009;31(6):285-292
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000600004
PURPOSE: to investigate the main factors associated with fetal death in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. METHODS: an observational, case-control study, including cases attended from June 1st 2004 to 31st March 2005. A number of 116 stillbirth cases and 472 live birth controls, with deliveries assisted at the service, were included. The cases were identified in the record book from the delivery room. The puerperium women were identified by the name and register number at a puerperium infirmary. The controls were selected, using the puerperium infirmary neighborhood criterion, identifying the beds with numbers immediately lower (two patients) and higher (two patients) than the patient's, as far as they had delivered live babies. In case they did not agree to participate in the research, the next beds with numbers consecutively lower or higher were approached. The χ2 association and Fisher's exact tests were used when necessary to test the association between the independent (predictive) and dependent (stillborn) variables, considering 5% as the significance level. To determine the association strength, the estimate of relative risk for case-control cases, Odds Ratio (OR) was used, with 95% as the confidence interval (CI). Logistic regression analysis according to the hierarchy model was done to control confounding factors. RESULTS: the fetal mortality rate corresponded to 24.4 by 1,000 births. After the multivariate analysis, the variables which kept significantly associated with fetal death were: malformation (OR=7.5; CI=3.2-17.4), number of pre-natal appointments lower than six (OR=4.4; CI=2.5-7.5), hemorrhagic syndromes (OR=2.9; CI=1.4-5.7), attendance in another hospital unit along the 24 hours which preceded the patient's admission in the institution (OR=2.9; CI=1.8-4.6), mothers' age over or equal to 35 years old (OR=2.2; CI=1.0-4.9) and schooling lower than eight years (OR=1.6; CI=1.02-2.6). CONCLUSIONS: it was found a high fetal mortality coefficient, the main factors associated with death were: malformation, number of pre-natal appointments lower than six, hemorrhagic syndromes, history of attendance previous to the hospital admission, mothers' age over or equal to 35 and schooling lower than eight years.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2009;31(6):285-292
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000600004
PURPOSE: to investigate the main factors associated with fetal death in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. METHODS: an observational, case-control study, including cases attended from June 1st 2004 to 31st March 2005. A number of 116 stillbirth cases and 472 live birth controls, with deliveries assisted at the service, were included. The cases were identified in the record book from the delivery room. The puerperium women were identified by the name and register number at a puerperium infirmary. The controls were selected, using the puerperium infirmary neighborhood criterion, identifying the beds with numbers immediately lower (two patients) and higher (two patients) than the patient's, as far as they had delivered live babies. In case they did not agree to participate in the research, the next beds with numbers consecutively lower or higher were approached. The χ2 association and Fisher's exact tests were used when necessary to test the association between the independent (predictive) and dependent (stillborn) variables, considering 5% as the significance level. To determine the association strength, the estimate of relative risk for case-control cases, Odds Ratio (OR) was used, with 95% as the confidence interval (CI). Logistic regression analysis according to the hierarchy model was done to control confounding factors. RESULTS: the fetal mortality rate corresponded to 24.4 by 1,000 births. After the multivariate analysis, the variables which kept significantly associated with fetal death were: malformation (OR=7.5; CI=3.2-17.4), number of pre-natal appointments lower than six (OR=4.4; CI=2.5-7.5), hemorrhagic syndromes (OR=2.9; CI=1.4-5.7), attendance in another hospital unit along the 24 hours which preceded the patient's admission in the institution (OR=2.9; CI=1.8-4.6), mothers' age over or equal to 35 years old (OR=2.2; CI=1.0-4.9) and schooling lower than eight years (OR=1.6; CI=1.02-2.6). CONCLUSIONS: it was found a high fetal mortality coefficient, the main factors associated with death were: malformation, number of pre-natal appointments lower than six, hemorrhagic syndromes, history of attendance previous to the hospital admission, mothers' age over or equal to 35 and schooling lower than eight years.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2009;31(1):17-21
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000100004
PURPOSE: to evaluate risk factors for the development of genital prolapse in the Brazilian population. METHODS: case-control study involving 316 patients submitted to prolapse staging, according to the pelvic organ prolapse quantification system. The patients were divided into two groups: in the Case Group there were 107 patients with prolapse at stage III or IV, and in the Control Group, 209 women at stage 0 or I. In the anamnesis, the selected women have been questioned about the presence of possible risk factors for genital prolapse, such as: age, menopause age, parturition, delivery type (vaginal, caesarean section or forceps), occurrence of fetal macrosomia, family history of genital dystopia in first degree relatives, chronic cough and intestinal constipation. RESULTS: The variables that were different between the groups were: age, body mass index, parturition, number of vaginal, caesarean section or forceps deliveries, newborn weight and positive family history for prolapse. Race, menopause age, chronic cough and intestinal constipation did not present differences between the groups. After logistic regression, only three variables have been shown to be independent risk factors: presence of at least one vaginal delivery, fetal macrosomia and positive family history for dystopia. Cesarean section was shown to be a protective factor. CONCLUSION: in the Brazilian population, the independent risk factor for genital prolapse were: personal antecedent of at least one vaginal delivery, fetal macrosomia and family history of dystopia.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2009;31(1):17-21
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032009000100004
PURPOSE: to evaluate risk factors for the development of genital prolapse in the Brazilian population. METHODS: case-control study involving 316 patients submitted to prolapse staging, according to the pelvic organ prolapse quantification system. The patients were divided into two groups: in the Case Group there were 107 patients with prolapse at stage III or IV, and in the Control Group, 209 women at stage 0 or I. In the anamnesis, the selected women have been questioned about the presence of possible risk factors for genital prolapse, such as: age, menopause age, parturition, delivery type (vaginal, caesarean section or forceps), occurrence of fetal macrosomia, family history of genital dystopia in first degree relatives, chronic cough and intestinal constipation. RESULTS: The variables that were different between the groups were: age, body mass index, parturition, number of vaginal, caesarean section or forceps deliveries, newborn weight and positive family history for prolapse. Race, menopause age, chronic cough and intestinal constipation did not present differences between the groups. After logistic regression, only three variables have been shown to be independent risk factors: presence of at least one vaginal delivery, fetal macrosomia and positive family history for dystopia. Cesarean section was shown to be a protective factor. CONCLUSION: in the Brazilian population, the independent risk factor for genital prolapse were: personal antecedent of at least one vaginal delivery, fetal macrosomia and family history of dystopia.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2006;28(10):601-606
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032006001000006
PURPOSE: To verify the existence of association between sub-fertility or infertility and concurrent celiac disease in women attended at a reproductive disorders out-patient clinic of a general hospital. METHODS: This was a case-control study in which a group of 200 women with difficulty in conceiving was compared with a control group with 400 women who were treated at the same hospital for various reasons, but not for fertility problems. Both groups were submitted to the anti-endomysium antibody protocol using the indirect immunofluorescence method. Whenever positive, the diagnosis was further confirmed by endoscopic duodenal biopsy and histopathological exams. RESULTS: Anti-endomysium testing resulted positive in three patients (1.5%) within the group of women with difficulty in conceiving. Diagnosis of celiac disease was subsequently confirmed by histopathological exams of the duodenal mucosa. All the control patients presented negative results in the serological exams. CONCLUSION: Celiac disease was observed only in women with difficulty in conceiving, a relevant fact indicating that this disease may be more common in infertile women. However, new studies with a greater sample size are needed to confirm this possible association.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2006;28(10):601-606
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032006001000006
PURPOSE: To verify the existence of association between sub-fertility or infertility and concurrent celiac disease in women attended at a reproductive disorders out-patient clinic of a general hospital. METHODS: This was a case-control study in which a group of 200 women with difficulty in conceiving was compared with a control group with 400 women who were treated at the same hospital for various reasons, but not for fertility problems. Both groups were submitted to the anti-endomysium antibody protocol using the indirect immunofluorescence method. Whenever positive, the diagnosis was further confirmed by endoscopic duodenal biopsy and histopathological exams. RESULTS: Anti-endomysium testing resulted positive in three patients (1.5%) within the group of women with difficulty in conceiving. Diagnosis of celiac disease was subsequently confirmed by histopathological exams of the duodenal mucosa. All the control patients presented negative results in the serological exams. CONCLUSION: Celiac disease was observed only in women with difficulty in conceiving, a relevant fact indicating that this disease may be more common in infertile women. However, new studies with a greater sample size are needed to confirm this possible association.