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Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2002;24(7):471-477
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002000700007
Purpose: to assess the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects and the complications of symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTI) during pregnancy of patients who were hospitalized. Methods: a total of 136 pregnant women with a clinical diagnosis of pyelonephritis were studied. The studied parameters were: age and parity of patients, gestational age of diagnosis, epidemiologic aspects, laboratory evaluation for UTI, treatment and clinic evolution, prophylaxis and complications. Results: pyelonephritis was diagnosed at the same proportions at all gestational ages. The incidence of UTI was higher among primigravidae. Only 29.3% of the pregnant women had a previous history of UTI; 57.0% were anemic and 93.0% had altered urinalysis. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent uropathogen (75.8% of cases), with low percentages of sensitivity to ampicillin (60.6%) and high percentages of sensitivity to cefuroxime (95,5%). The highest rate of clinical improvement was obtained for the pregnant women treated with cefuroxime (95.7%). Prophylaxis was needed in 11.0% of the patients. Preterm labor occurred in 33.3% of the pregnant women who delivered in our service and preterm delivery occurred in 18.9%. Conclusions: the present results support the need for an early diagnosis and effective treatment of UTI in pregnant women in order to prevent the frequent occurrence of perinatal complications such as premature labor and delivery. We emphasize the need of a periodical evaluation of the pattern of sensitivity of the etiologic agents to the antimicrobials allowed for use during pregnancy, with cefuroxime being adopted as the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of UTI during pregnancy.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2002;24(7):471-477
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002000700007
Purpose: to assess the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects and the complications of symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTI) during pregnancy of patients who were hospitalized. Methods: a total of 136 pregnant women with a clinical diagnosis of pyelonephritis were studied. The studied parameters were: age and parity of patients, gestational age of diagnosis, epidemiologic aspects, laboratory evaluation for UTI, treatment and clinic evolution, prophylaxis and complications. Results: pyelonephritis was diagnosed at the same proportions at all gestational ages. The incidence of UTI was higher among primigravidae. Only 29.3% of the pregnant women had a previous history of UTI; 57.0% were anemic and 93.0% had altered urinalysis. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent uropathogen (75.8% of cases), with low percentages of sensitivity to ampicillin (60.6%) and high percentages of sensitivity to cefuroxime (95,5%). The highest rate of clinical improvement was obtained for the pregnant women treated with cefuroxime (95.7%). Prophylaxis was needed in 11.0% of the patients. Preterm labor occurred in 33.3% of the pregnant women who delivered in our service and preterm delivery occurred in 18.9%. Conclusions: the present results support the need for an early diagnosis and effective treatment of UTI in pregnant women in order to prevent the frequent occurrence of perinatal complications such as premature labor and delivery. We emphasize the need of a periodical evaluation of the pattern of sensitivity of the etiologic agents to the antimicrobials allowed for use during pregnancy, with cefuroxime being adopted as the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of UTI during pregnancy.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2002;24(8):521-526
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002000800004
Purpose: to assess the evolution of epileptic seizures during pregnancy and the occurrence of malformations in neonates born to epileptic mothers who used anticonvulsant drugs during pregnancy, as well as the perinatal characteristics of the newborns. Methods: a total of 126 medical records of epileptic patients seen at the high-risk pregnancy outpatient clinic were analyzed retrospectively in terms of the following variables: age, parity, diagnosis of the type of epileptic seizure, anticonvulsant drug used during the prenatal period, evolution of epileptic seizures during the prenatal period, type of delivery, gestational age at resolution, and perinatal characteristics of the newborns. Results: the incidence of pregnant women with epilepsy was 0.2% in relation to prenatal patients, with simple partial epilepsy being the most frequent type (40% of cases). Monotherapy was applied to 75% of the patients and carbamazepine was the most frequently used drug. Among the 111 patients evaluated in terms of course of the disease during pregnancy, 53% showed no change, 31% became worse and 16% improved. Normal delivery was performed in 62.5% of cases, with a satisfactory perinatal result in terms of Apgar score, and with a rate of low birth weight neonates above the values for low-risk populations. No fetal malformations were observed. Conclusion: epilepsy showed a favorable course during pregnancy and was not aggravated by the latter, with cases of worsening of signs and symptoms being associated with epilepsy of difficult control before pregnancy. Evaluation of the perinatal characteristics of the neonates showed satisfactory Apgar scores and evolution, indicating that epilepsy and anticonvulsant drugs do not cause severe impairment of intrapartum vitality. No cases of malformations or hemorrhagic complications were detected in the present study.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2002;24(8):521-526
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002000800004
Purpose: to assess the evolution of epileptic seizures during pregnancy and the occurrence of malformations in neonates born to epileptic mothers who used anticonvulsant drugs during pregnancy, as well as the perinatal characteristics of the newborns. Methods: a total of 126 medical records of epileptic patients seen at the high-risk pregnancy outpatient clinic were analyzed retrospectively in terms of the following variables: age, parity, diagnosis of the type of epileptic seizure, anticonvulsant drug used during the prenatal period, evolution of epileptic seizures during the prenatal period, type of delivery, gestational age at resolution, and perinatal characteristics of the newborns. Results: the incidence of pregnant women with epilepsy was 0.2% in relation to prenatal patients, with simple partial epilepsy being the most frequent type (40% of cases). Monotherapy was applied to 75% of the patients and carbamazepine was the most frequently used drug. Among the 111 patients evaluated in terms of course of the disease during pregnancy, 53% showed no change, 31% became worse and 16% improved. Normal delivery was performed in 62.5% of cases, with a satisfactory perinatal result in terms of Apgar score, and with a rate of low birth weight neonates above the values for low-risk populations. No fetal malformations were observed. Conclusion: epilepsy showed a favorable course during pregnancy and was not aggravated by the latter, with cases of worsening of signs and symptoms being associated with epilepsy of difficult control before pregnancy. Evaluation of the perinatal characteristics of the neonates showed satisfactory Apgar scores and evolution, indicating that epilepsy and anticonvulsant drugs do not cause severe impairment of intrapartum vitality. No cases of malformations or hemorrhagic complications were detected in the present study.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2006;28(9):557-564
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032006000900009
Pregnant women may depend on the use of medications to minimize the problems caused by preexisting disease, and pregnancy itself can cause situations that compromise the maternal well-being and that require treatment. The obstetrician should be aware of the placental transfer of drugs and of fetal exposure to teratogenic or toxic agents that might compromise the development of the fetus or even its future life.Transport through the placenta involves the movement of molecules between three compartments: maternal blood, cytoplasm of the syncytiotrophoblast, and fetal blood. This movement can occur through the following mechanisms: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, class P, V, F and large ABC family pumps, and endocytosis. With the use of anticonvulsants the incidence of major malformations in exposed newborns is 4 to 6%, compared to 2 to 4% in the general population. Multidrug treatment is more damaging, especially when valproic acid and hydantoin are part of the combination. The recommendation for epileptic patients who have been clinically asymptomatic for two years is to discontinue the drugs they are taking. However, if seizures occur it is advisable to consult a neurologist to discuss anticonvulsant therapy with better benefits and less side effects.Local anesthetics and opioids are extensively used during the resolution of pregnancy. Lidocaine applied by the perineal route for episiotomy at a fixed dose of 400 mg presents a high concentration in maternal plasma and a high rate of placental transfer at the time of birth, with the need for caution regarding the use of repeated doses. Bupivacaine administered by the epidural route is a safe anesthetic which is present in the racemic form and has a placental transfer of about 30%. Fentanyl, an opioid anesthetic used by the epidural route in resolution of cesarean section at the fixed dose of 0.10 mg, presents high rates of placental transfer of the order of 90%, requiring caution with the use of repeated doses for analgesia during labor.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2006;28(9):557-564
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032006000900009
Pregnant women may depend on the use of medications to minimize the problems caused by preexisting disease, and pregnancy itself can cause situations that compromise the maternal well-being and that require treatment. The obstetrician should be aware of the placental transfer of drugs and of fetal exposure to teratogenic or toxic agents that might compromise the development of the fetus or even its future life.Transport through the placenta involves the movement of molecules between three compartments: maternal blood, cytoplasm of the syncytiotrophoblast, and fetal blood. This movement can occur through the following mechanisms: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, class P, V, F and large ABC family pumps, and endocytosis. With the use of anticonvulsants the incidence of major malformations in exposed newborns is 4 to 6%, compared to 2 to 4% in the general population. Multidrug treatment is more damaging, especially when valproic acid and hydantoin are part of the combination. The recommendation for epileptic patients who have been clinically asymptomatic for two years is to discontinue the drugs they are taking. However, if seizures occur it is advisable to consult a neurologist to discuss anticonvulsant therapy with better benefits and less side effects.Local anesthetics and opioids are extensively used during the resolution of pregnancy. Lidocaine applied by the perineal route for episiotomy at a fixed dose of 400 mg presents a high concentration in maternal plasma and a high rate of placental transfer at the time of birth, with the need for caution regarding the use of repeated doses. Bupivacaine administered by the epidural route is a safe anesthetic which is present in the racemic form and has a placental transfer of about 30%. Fentanyl, an opioid anesthetic used by the epidural route in resolution of cesarean section at the fixed dose of 0.10 mg, presents high rates of placental transfer of the order of 90%, requiring caution with the use of repeated doses for analgesia during labor.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2004;26(8):671-672
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2004;26(8):671-672