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PURPOSE: To verify the existence of association between sub-fertility or infertility and concurrent celiac disease in women attended at a reproductive disorders out-patient clinic of a general hospital. METHODS: This was a case-control study in which a group of 200 women with difficulty in conceiving was compared with a control group with 400 women who were treated at the same hospital for various reasons, but not for fertility problems. Both groups were submitted to the anti-endomysium antibody protocol using the indirect immunofluorescence method. Whenever positive, the diagnosis was further confirmed by endoscopic duodenal biopsy and histopathological exams. RESULTS: Anti-endomysium testing resulted positive in three patients (1.5%) within the group of women with difficulty in conceiving. Diagnosis of celiac disease was subsequently confirmed by histopathological exams of the duodenal mucosa. All the control patients presented negative results in the serological exams. CONCLUSION: Celiac disease was observed only in women with difficulty in conceiving, a relevant fact indicating that this disease may be more common in infertile women. However, new studies with a greater sample size are needed to confirm this possible association.