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Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2013;35(4):159-163
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032013000400005
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of electrical stimulation (ES) of the pelvic floor on the urethra of female rats. METHODS: Forty adult rats were divided at random into four groups of ten animals each: Ctrl - without intervention; Sham - not submitted to ES, but with an electrode inserted into the vagina; Exp6 - submitted to six sessions of ES of the pelvic floor, and Exp12 - submitted to 12 sessions of ES of the pelvic floor. At the end of the experiment, all animals were anesthetized and the middle third of the urethra was removed, fixed in Bouin's fluid and processed for histomorphometric study. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for morphological and morphometric description, and others were stained with picrosirius red for the quantitation of total collagen. The thicknesses of the muscle layer and of the epithelium were determined, in 4 quadrants of the urethra, by performing 20 measurements per animal. The number of blood vessels present in the lamina propria was counted in the four quadrants over an area of 10³ µm² per quadrant and the images were obtained using the image analysis program AxioVision® REL 4.3 (Carl Zeiss). The collagen and muscle fiber ratios in the urethrae were calculated from two images per quadrant of every slice stained with picrosirius red, employing the Imagelab® Program. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test (p<0.05). RESULTS: The morphometry of the collagen, number of blood vessels and thickness of the epithelium showed no significant changes; however, the thickness of the periurethral muscle tissue increased significantly in Exp12 group, compared to the other groups (Exp12*>Exp6==Ctrl==Sham; *p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Prolonged functional electric stimulation of the pelvic floor induced an increase in periurethral muscle thickness in rats.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2013;35(4):159-163
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032013000400005
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of electrical stimulation (ES) of the pelvic floor on the urethra of female rats. METHODS: Forty adult rats were divided at random into four groups of ten animals each: Ctrl - without intervention; Sham - not submitted to ES, but with an electrode inserted into the vagina; Exp6 - submitted to six sessions of ES of the pelvic floor, and Exp12 - submitted to 12 sessions of ES of the pelvic floor. At the end of the experiment, all animals were anesthetized and the middle third of the urethra was removed, fixed in Bouin's fluid and processed for histomorphometric study. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for morphological and morphometric description, and others were stained with picrosirius red for the quantitation of total collagen. The thicknesses of the muscle layer and of the epithelium were determined, in 4 quadrants of the urethra, by performing 20 measurements per animal. The number of blood vessels present in the lamina propria was counted in the four quadrants over an area of 10³ µm² per quadrant and the images were obtained using the image analysis program AxioVision® REL 4.3 (Carl Zeiss). The collagen and muscle fiber ratios in the urethrae were calculated from two images per quadrant of every slice stained with picrosirius red, employing the Imagelab® Program. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test (p<0.05). RESULTS: The morphometry of the collagen, number of blood vessels and thickness of the epithelium showed no significant changes; however, the thickness of the periurethral muscle tissue increased significantly in Exp12 group, compared to the other groups (Exp12*>Exp6==Ctrl==Sham; *p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Prolonged functional electric stimulation of the pelvic floor induced an increase in periurethral muscle thickness in rats.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2012;34(10):447-452
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032012001000003
PURPOSES: To evaluate the histomorphometry of cardiomyocytes and collagen present in the myocardium of rats treated with a concentrated extract of soy or 17β-estradiol (E2). METHODS: Twenty-eight rats were divided into four groups: GCtrl - estrus phase; GOvx - ovariectomized (Ovx) and receiving vehicle; GIso - Ovx and treated with soy extract (150 mg/kg per day); GE2 - Ovx and treated with E2 (10 µg/kg per day). The drugs and vehicle (0.2 mL propylene glycol) were administered for 30 consecutive days after ovariectomy. On the last day the animals were anesthetized, the hearts removed, submerged in 10% formaldehyde and fragments of the ventricles underwent histological procedures, and the sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or picrosirius-red. Histomorphometric analysis (number and volume of nuclei and quantification of collagen) was performed under a light microscope with AxioVision Rel. 4.2 software, and collagen fibers were quantified using IMAGELAB-2000 software. Data were submitted to ANOVA followed by the Tukey test (p<0.05). RESULTS: We observed a higher number of cardiomyocyte nuclei in animals of the Ovx and Iso groups than in GE2 and GCtrl animals (GOvx=121.7±20.2=GIso=92.8±15.4>GE2=70.5±14,8=GCtrl=66.3±9.6; p <0.05), while the nuclear volume was greater in the Ctrl and E2 groups (GE2=35.7±4.8 GCtrl=29.9±3.6=>GIso=26.5±4.5=GOvx=22.4±2.9; p <0.05). Collagen concentration was higher in the Ovx group (GOvx=5.4±0.1>GCtrl=4.0±0.1=GIso=4.4±0.08=GE2=4.3±0.5; p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Estrogen may prevent the reduction of the nuclear volume of cardiomyocytes and collagen deposition between heart muscle fibers, while the administration of isoflavones only prevents the deposition of collagen, which can preserve the mechanical properties of cardiac fibers.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2012;34(10):447-452
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032012001000003
PURPOSES: To evaluate the histomorphometry of cardiomyocytes and collagen present in the myocardium of rats treated with a concentrated extract of soy or 17β-estradiol (E2). METHODS: Twenty-eight rats were divided into four groups: GCtrl - estrus phase; GOvx - ovariectomized (Ovx) and receiving vehicle; GIso - Ovx and treated with soy extract (150 mg/kg per day); GE2 - Ovx and treated with E2 (10 µg/kg per day). The drugs and vehicle (0.2 mL propylene glycol) were administered for 30 consecutive days after ovariectomy. On the last day the animals were anesthetized, the hearts removed, submerged in 10% formaldehyde and fragments of the ventricles underwent histological procedures, and the sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or picrosirius-red. Histomorphometric analysis (number and volume of nuclei and quantification of collagen) was performed under a light microscope with AxioVision Rel. 4.2 software, and collagen fibers were quantified using IMAGELAB-2000 software. Data were submitted to ANOVA followed by the Tukey test (p<0.05). RESULTS: We observed a higher number of cardiomyocyte nuclei in animals of the Ovx and Iso groups than in GE2 and GCtrl animals (GOvx=121.7±20.2=GIso=92.8±15.4>GE2=70.5±14,8=GCtrl=66.3±9.6; p <0.05), while the nuclear volume was greater in the Ctrl and E2 groups (GE2=35.7±4.8 GCtrl=29.9±3.6=>GIso=26.5±4.5=GOvx=22.4±2.9; p <0.05). Collagen concentration was higher in the Ovx group (GOvx=5.4±0.1>GCtrl=4.0±0.1=GIso=4.4±0.08=GE2=4.3±0.5; p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Estrogen may prevent the reduction of the nuclear volume of cardiomyocytes and collagen deposition between heart muscle fibers, while the administration of isoflavones only prevents the deposition of collagen, which can preserve the mechanical properties of cardiac fibers.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2012;34(7):323-328
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032012000700006
PURPOSES: To evaluate the histomorphometry of ovarian interstitial cells, as well as the blood sex steroid concentrations of female rats with polycystic ovaries induced by continuous light. METHODS: Twenty female rats were divided into two groups: Control Group - in the estrous phase (CtrlG), and a group of rats with polycystic ovaries induced by continuous illumination (POG). CtrlG animals were maintained on a light period from 07:00 a.m. to 07:00 p.m., and POG animals with continuous illumination (400 Lux) for 60 days. After this period all animals were anesthetized and blood was collected for the determination of serum estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), and testosterone (T), followed by removal of the ovaries that were fixed in 10% formalin and processed for paraffin embedding. Five-µm histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and used for histomorphometric analysis. Morphological analyses, cyst count, determination of concentration and of the nuclear volume of interstitial cells were performed with the aid of a light microscope adapted to a high resolution camera (AxioCam), whose images were transmitted to and analyzed by the computer using AxioVision Rel 4.8 software (Carl Zeiss). Data were analyzed statistically by the Student's t-test (p<0.05). RESULTS: Morphological analysis showed the presence of ovarian cysts in POG animals and corpora lutea in CtrlG animals, as well as evidence of the origin of interstitial cells from the internal theca of these cysts. POG animals presented increased serum estradiol levels (pg/mL) compared to CtrlG animals (POG=124.9±4.2>CtrlG=73.2±6.5, p<0.05), the same occurring with testosterone levels (pg/mL) (POG=116.9±4.6>CtrlG=80.6±3.9, p<0.05). However, progesterone levels (ng/mL) were higher in CtrlG than in POG animals (CtrlG=16.3±2.0>POG=4.2±1.5, p<0.05). Morphometry showed a significant increase in nuclear volume in POG animals (POG=102.1±5.2>CtrlG=63.6±16.5, p<0.05), as well as in the area occupied (%) by interstitial cells (POG=24.4±6.9>CtrlG=6.9±3.2, p<0.05) compared to CtrlG animals. CONCLUSION: The interstitial cells of the rat polycystic ovary probably originate from ovarian cysts due to the degeneration of granulosa cells and differentiation of the internal theca cells. The elevations of serum testosterone and estradiol were probably due to the significant increase in cell activity and in the area occupied by interstitial cells.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2012;34(7):323-328
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032012000700006
PURPOSES: To evaluate the histomorphometry of ovarian interstitial cells, as well as the blood sex steroid concentrations of female rats with polycystic ovaries induced by continuous light. METHODS: Twenty female rats were divided into two groups: Control Group - in the estrous phase (CtrlG), and a group of rats with polycystic ovaries induced by continuous illumination (POG). CtrlG animals were maintained on a light period from 07:00 a.m. to 07:00 p.m., and POG animals with continuous illumination (400 Lux) for 60 days. After this period all animals were anesthetized and blood was collected for the determination of serum estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), and testosterone (T), followed by removal of the ovaries that were fixed in 10% formalin and processed for paraffin embedding. Five-µm histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and used for histomorphometric analysis. Morphological analyses, cyst count, determination of concentration and of the nuclear volume of interstitial cells were performed with the aid of a light microscope adapted to a high resolution camera (AxioCam), whose images were transmitted to and analyzed by the computer using AxioVision Rel 4.8 software (Carl Zeiss). Data were analyzed statistically by the Student's t-test (p<0.05). RESULTS: Morphological analysis showed the presence of ovarian cysts in POG animals and corpora lutea in CtrlG animals, as well as evidence of the origin of interstitial cells from the internal theca of these cysts. POG animals presented increased serum estradiol levels (pg/mL) compared to CtrlG animals (POG=124.9±4.2>CtrlG=73.2±6.5, p<0.05), the same occurring with testosterone levels (pg/mL) (POG=116.9±4.6>CtrlG=80.6±3.9, p<0.05). However, progesterone levels (ng/mL) were higher in CtrlG than in POG animals (CtrlG=16.3±2.0>POG=4.2±1.5, p<0.05). Morphometry showed a significant increase in nuclear volume in POG animals (POG=102.1±5.2>CtrlG=63.6±16.5, p<0.05), as well as in the area occupied (%) by interstitial cells (POG=24.4±6.9>CtrlG=6.9±3.2, p<0.05) compared to CtrlG animals. CONCLUSION: The interstitial cells of the rat polycystic ovary probably originate from ovarian cysts due to the degeneration of granulosa cells and differentiation of the internal theca cells. The elevations of serum testosterone and estradiol were probably due to the significant increase in cell activity and in the area occupied by interstitial cells.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2011;33(9):264-269
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032011000900008
PURPOSE: to evaluate the effects of high doses of genistein on the mammary glands of adult female rats. METHODS: Twenty-eight days after oophorectomy, 50 adult female rats were divided into five groups, as follows: a control group (Ctrl), three rats that received genistein (GEN) at the doses of 46 mg/kg (GEN46;), 125 mg/kg (GEN125) and 250 mg/kg (GEN250); one group received conjugated equine estrogen at the dose of 50 µg/g (ECE50). The substances were administered daily for 30 consecutive days by gavage and in the last week of the period of treatment, colpocytological exams were carried out for seven consecutive days. After treatment, the animals were anesthetized, blood samples were collected for estradiol and progesterone determination and the first pair of inguinal mammary glands was removed and processed for histomorphometric analysis. Collected data were subjected to analysis of variance supplemented by the Tukey-Kramer test (p<0.05). RESULTS: the ctrl group and the ones treated with different doses of GEN showed atrophic mammary glands, whereas the glands were more developed in the ECE group, where numerous mammary ducts and alveoli were observed. Morphometry showed a larger area of mammary parenchyma in the ECE group (98.870.1±550.4 µm²* per mm²; p<0.05) compared with other groups (Ctrl=36.875.6±443.4; GEN46=37.001.7±557.4; GEN125=36.480.8±658.3 and GEN250=37.502.8±669.3). The same occurred in the number of alveoli in the ECE group (33.2±6.9* per mm²; p<0.05) compared to the other groups (Ctrl=10.4±2.1, GEN46=11.2±3.1; GEN125=11.6±2.1 and GEN250=12.3±2.3). The estradiol level was higher in the ECE group compared to the other groups (9.4±1.7 pg/mL; p<0.05), whereas serum levels of progesterone were similar in all groups. CONCLUSION: the administration of genistein at high doses had no trophic effect on the mammary glands of rats.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2011;33(9):264-269
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032011000900008
PURPOSE: to evaluate the effects of high doses of genistein on the mammary glands of adult female rats. METHODS: Twenty-eight days after oophorectomy, 50 adult female rats were divided into five groups, as follows: a control group (Ctrl), three rats that received genistein (GEN) at the doses of 46 mg/kg (GEN46;), 125 mg/kg (GEN125) and 250 mg/kg (GEN250); one group received conjugated equine estrogen at the dose of 50 µg/g (ECE50). The substances were administered daily for 30 consecutive days by gavage and in the last week of the period of treatment, colpocytological exams were carried out for seven consecutive days. After treatment, the animals were anesthetized, blood samples were collected for estradiol and progesterone determination and the first pair of inguinal mammary glands was removed and processed for histomorphometric analysis. Collected data were subjected to analysis of variance supplemented by the Tukey-Kramer test (p<0.05). RESULTS: the ctrl group and the ones treated with different doses of GEN showed atrophic mammary glands, whereas the glands were more developed in the ECE group, where numerous mammary ducts and alveoli were observed. Morphometry showed a larger area of mammary parenchyma in the ECE group (98.870.1±550.4 µm²* per mm²; p<0.05) compared with other groups (Ctrl=36.875.6±443.4; GEN46=37.001.7±557.4; GEN125=36.480.8±658.3 and GEN250=37.502.8±669.3). The same occurred in the number of alveoli in the ECE group (33.2±6.9* per mm²; p<0.05) compared to the other groups (Ctrl=10.4±2.1, GEN46=11.2±3.1; GEN125=11.6±2.1 and GEN250=12.3±2.3). The estradiol level was higher in the ECE group compared to the other groups (9.4±1.7 pg/mL; p<0.05), whereas serum levels of progesterone were similar in all groups. CONCLUSION: the administration of genistein at high doses had no trophic effect on the mammary glands of rats.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2011;33(7):119-122
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2011;33(7):119-122
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2011;33(5):225-230
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032011000500004
PURPOSE: to evaluate the effect of administration of a stavudine/nelfinavir combination on the rat pregnancy by assessing maternal and concepts weights, as well as the number of implantations, fetuses, placentas, resorptions and maternal and fetal mortality. METHODS: forty adult pregnant Wistar rats of the EPM-1 strain were randomly divided into four groups: control (GCtrl - drug vehicle control, n=10), and three experimental groups, which were treated with an oral solution of stavudine/nelfinavir (ExpI - 1/40 mg/kg b.w., n=10; ExpII - 3/120 mg/kg b.w., n=10; ExpIII - 9/360 mg/kg b.w., n=10) from day 0 to the 20th day of pregnancy. Maternal body weights were determined at the start of the experiment and on the 7th, 14th and the 20th day thereafter. At term (20th day) the rats were anesthetized and, upon laparotomy and hysterotomy, the number of implantations, resorptions, living fetuses, placentae and intrauterine deaths were recorded. The collected fetuses and placentae were weighed and the concepts were examined under a stereomicroscope for possible external malformations. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) complemented by the Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.05). RESULTS: there was a progressive and gradual increase in body weight during the course of pregnancy in all groups, which was more evident in the final period, but with no significant difference between groups. The mean number of fetuses, placentas, implantations, and fetal and placental weights showed no significant differences between groups. Also, no resorptions or external malformations were found in the experimental groups. However, between the 8th and 14th days of gestation, there was one case of maternal mortality in each experimental group. CONCLUSIONS: the administration of a stavudine/nelfinavir combination had no deleterious effects on the concepts.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2011;33(5):225-230
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032011000500004
PURPOSE: to evaluate the effect of administration of a stavudine/nelfinavir combination on the rat pregnancy by assessing maternal and concepts weights, as well as the number of implantations, fetuses, placentas, resorptions and maternal and fetal mortality. METHODS: forty adult pregnant Wistar rats of the EPM-1 strain were randomly divided into four groups: control (GCtrl - drug vehicle control, n=10), and three experimental groups, which were treated with an oral solution of stavudine/nelfinavir (ExpI - 1/40 mg/kg b.w., n=10; ExpII - 3/120 mg/kg b.w., n=10; ExpIII - 9/360 mg/kg b.w., n=10) from day 0 to the 20th day of pregnancy. Maternal body weights were determined at the start of the experiment and on the 7th, 14th and the 20th day thereafter. At term (20th day) the rats were anesthetized and, upon laparotomy and hysterotomy, the number of implantations, resorptions, living fetuses, placentae and intrauterine deaths were recorded. The collected fetuses and placentae were weighed and the concepts were examined under a stereomicroscope for possible external malformations. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) complemented by the Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.05). RESULTS: there was a progressive and gradual increase in body weight during the course of pregnancy in all groups, which was more evident in the final period, but with no significant difference between groups. The mean number of fetuses, placentas, implantations, and fetal and placental weights showed no significant differences between groups. Also, no resorptions or external malformations were found in the experimental groups. However, between the 8th and 14th days of gestation, there was one case of maternal mortality in each experimental group. CONCLUSIONS: the administration of a stavudine/nelfinavir combination had no deleterious effects on the concepts.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2010;32(11):556-562
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032010001100007
PURPOSE: to evaluate the effect of administration of three different doses of the zidovudine/lamivudine/ritonavir combination on the liver and kidneys of pregnant rats and their concepts from a morphological and physiological standpoint. METHODS: 40 pregnant EPM-1 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: 1 control (Ctrl: drug vehicle control, n=10) and 3 experimental groups: Exp1x, Exp3x and Exp9x. An oral solution of the zidovudine/lamivudine/ritonavir combination was administered to the experimental groups from the day 0 to day 20 of pregnancy: Exp1x=10/5/20 mg/kg; Exp3x=30/15/60 mg/kg; Exp9x=90/45/180 mg/kg. On the 20th pregnancy day the rats were anesthetized and blood was taken directly from the ventricular chambers for further biochemical determinations: aspartate-(AST) and alanine-(ALT) aminotransferases (Calorimetric method), urea nitrogen (BUN) by an enzymatic-kinetic method, and creatinine by a kinetic-calorimetric method. Maternal and fetal liver and kidney samples were taken, fixed in 10% formaldehyde and processed histologically for paraffin embedding. Five µm-thick fragments of maternal and fetal livers and kidneys were stained with hematoxilyn-eosin, being analyzed by light microscopy. To interpret the results, the well-known pattern of normality for livers and kidneys was considered on the basis of the following structures: hepatocytes, portal structure, hepatic veins, renal corpuscles, renal tubules and loop of Henle. Regarding the fetal livers, we also considered the erythrocytes in their different stages of development as well as the megacariocytes. If there was a change in the established staining pattern for liver and kidney structures, changes in nuclear morphology, rupture of some cytoplasmic organelles, and presence of vascular congestion, this was considered to be due to the drug doses. Results were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and to the Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons test (p<0.05). RESULTS: no morphological changes were observed in the maternal livers of the Ctrl, Exp1x and Exp3x groups. In the maternal liver of the Exp9x group, hepatocytes showed signs of atrophy and apoptosis (eosinophilic cytoplasm and pycnotic nuclei) and marked sinusoid capillary vasodilation (congestion) was observed. The maternal kidneys of the Ctrl and Exp1x groups were normal, with renal corpuscles, convoluted tubules and typical loops of Henle. In contrast, the Exp3x and Exp9x groups showed vascular congestion and small glomeruli rich in cells containing hyperchromatic nuclei which were more intense in Exp9x. Regarding the fetal organs, no morphological or physiological changes were observed. A significant increase of AST (305.70±55.80, p<0.05) and creatinine (0.50±0.09, p<0.05) was observed in group Exp9x. CONCLUSIONS: our results show that the administration of the zidovudine, lamivudine and ritonavir combination to pregnant rats at high doses caused morphological and physiological changes in the maternal liver and kidneys. On the other hand, there were no changes in fetal organs.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2010;32(11):556-562
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032010001100007
PURPOSE: to evaluate the effect of administration of three different doses of the zidovudine/lamivudine/ritonavir combination on the liver and kidneys of pregnant rats and their concepts from a morphological and physiological standpoint. METHODS: 40 pregnant EPM-1 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: 1 control (Ctrl: drug vehicle control, n=10) and 3 experimental groups: Exp1x, Exp3x and Exp9x. An oral solution of the zidovudine/lamivudine/ritonavir combination was administered to the experimental groups from the day 0 to day 20 of pregnancy: Exp1x=10/5/20 mg/kg; Exp3x=30/15/60 mg/kg; Exp9x=90/45/180 mg/kg. On the 20th pregnancy day the rats were anesthetized and blood was taken directly from the ventricular chambers for further biochemical determinations: aspartate-(AST) and alanine-(ALT) aminotransferases (Calorimetric method), urea nitrogen (BUN) by an enzymatic-kinetic method, and creatinine by a kinetic-calorimetric method. Maternal and fetal liver and kidney samples were taken, fixed in 10% formaldehyde and processed histologically for paraffin embedding. Five µm-thick fragments of maternal and fetal livers and kidneys were stained with hematoxilyn-eosin, being analyzed by light microscopy. To interpret the results, the well-known pattern of normality for livers and kidneys was considered on the basis of the following structures: hepatocytes, portal structure, hepatic veins, renal corpuscles, renal tubules and loop of Henle. Regarding the fetal livers, we also considered the erythrocytes in their different stages of development as well as the megacariocytes. If there was a change in the established staining pattern for liver and kidney structures, changes in nuclear morphology, rupture of some cytoplasmic organelles, and presence of vascular congestion, this was considered to be due to the drug doses. Results were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and to the Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons test (p<0.05). RESULTS: no morphological changes were observed in the maternal livers of the Ctrl, Exp1x and Exp3x groups. In the maternal liver of the Exp9x group, hepatocytes showed signs of atrophy and apoptosis (eosinophilic cytoplasm and pycnotic nuclei) and marked sinusoid capillary vasodilation (congestion) was observed. The maternal kidneys of the Ctrl and Exp1x groups were normal, with renal corpuscles, convoluted tubules and typical loops of Henle. In contrast, the Exp3x and Exp9x groups showed vascular congestion and small glomeruli rich in cells containing hyperchromatic nuclei which were more intense in Exp9x. Regarding the fetal organs, no morphological or physiological changes were observed. A significant increase of AST (305.70±55.80, p<0.05) and creatinine (0.50±0.09, p<0.05) was observed in group Exp9x. CONCLUSIONS: our results show that the administration of the zidovudine, lamivudine and ritonavir combination to pregnant rats at high doses caused morphological and physiological changes in the maternal liver and kidneys. On the other hand, there were no changes in fetal organs.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2010;32(8):374-380
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032010000800003
PURPOSE: to evaluate the reactivity of VEGF-A and cleaved caspase-3 in the adrenal gland cortex of female pinealectomized rats treated with melatonin. METHODS: forty adult female rats were divided into 4 groups (G) of 10 animals: GI - no surgical intervention, with vehicle administration; GII - sham pinealectomized with vehicle administration; GIII - pinealectomized with vehicle administration; GIV - pinealectomized with melatonin administration (10 µg/animal) during the night. After 60 days of treatment, all animals were anesthetized, and the adrenal glands were removed and fixed in 10% formaldehyde (phosphate buffered) for histological processing and paraffin embedding. Sections (5 µm thick) were collected on silanized slides and submitted to imunnohistochemical methods for the detection of cleaved caspase-3 (apoptosis) and of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) in the adrenal cortex. The data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) complemented by the Tukey-Kramer test (p<0.05). RESULTS: reactivity to cleaved Caspase-3 was noted in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal glands in all studied groups. There were no significant differences in the zona glomerulosa; however, the zona fasciculata (15.51±3.12*, p<0.05) and the zona reticularis (8.11±1.90*, p<0.05) presented the smallest percentage of apoptosis in the pinealectomized group (GIII). The reactivity to the VEGF-A was stronger in the zona glomerulosa and weaker in the zona reticularis in all groups. We found a stronger VEGF-A reactivity in the zona fasciculata in the pinealectomized group (GIII). CONCLUSIONS: the pineal gland affects the arrangement of the zona glomerulosa and reticularis of the adrenal glands, which are related to the production of sex hormones.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2010;32(8):374-380
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032010000800003
PURPOSE: to evaluate the reactivity of VEGF-A and cleaved caspase-3 in the adrenal gland cortex of female pinealectomized rats treated with melatonin. METHODS: forty adult female rats were divided into 4 groups (G) of 10 animals: GI - no surgical intervention, with vehicle administration; GII - sham pinealectomized with vehicle administration; GIII - pinealectomized with vehicle administration; GIV - pinealectomized with melatonin administration (10 µg/animal) during the night. After 60 days of treatment, all animals were anesthetized, and the adrenal glands were removed and fixed in 10% formaldehyde (phosphate buffered) for histological processing and paraffin embedding. Sections (5 µm thick) were collected on silanized slides and submitted to imunnohistochemical methods for the detection of cleaved caspase-3 (apoptosis) and of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) in the adrenal cortex. The data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) complemented by the Tukey-Kramer test (p<0.05). RESULTS: reactivity to cleaved Caspase-3 was noted in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal glands in all studied groups. There were no significant differences in the zona glomerulosa; however, the zona fasciculata (15.51±3.12*, p<0.05) and the zona reticularis (8.11±1.90*, p<0.05) presented the smallest percentage of apoptosis in the pinealectomized group (GIII). The reactivity to the VEGF-A was stronger in the zona glomerulosa and weaker in the zona reticularis in all groups. We found a stronger VEGF-A reactivity in the zona fasciculata in the pinealectomized group (GIII). CONCLUSIONS: the pineal gland affects the arrangement of the zona glomerulosa and reticularis of the adrenal glands, which are related to the production of sex hormones.
