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Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1998;20(1):25-32
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031998000100005
It is universally accepted that prenatal care has a beneficial impact on perinatal outcome. However, it is unclear whether access to early and frequent prenatal care influences the impact of pregnancy complications on birth weight. The objective of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of prenatal care, concerning antenatal visits (number and time of the first one), on gestational age and fetal weight at birth. We assessed prospectively the effect of the antenatal care in a group of 648 infants born consecutively at the University Hospital of Santa Maria, weighing from <1000 to >4000 g, and from <28 to >40 weeks of gestational age. Preterm delivery (<37 weeks) accounted for 17.7% of all deliveries, low birth-weight infants (<2500 g) for 20.5%, and very low birth-weight infants (<1000 g) for 2.8%. When the first antenatal visit was performed before the 12th week, only 5.1% of the babies were born with <37 weeks of gestational age or weight at birth of <2500 g. However, when the first visit was after the 28th week, the percentage of preterm delivery was 41.3% and of birth weight <2500 g was 43.5%. A significant association between higher frequency of antenatal visits, early care and decrease in preterm delivery frequency and low birth-weight infants was noted (p <0.001). We conclude that increase in the number of antenatal visits and early care can reduce the preterm delivery and low-birth weight infant rates.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1998;20(1):25-32
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031998000100005
It is universally accepted that prenatal care has a beneficial impact on perinatal outcome. However, it is unclear whether access to early and frequent prenatal care influences the impact of pregnancy complications on birth weight. The objective of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of prenatal care, concerning antenatal visits (number and time of the first one), on gestational age and fetal weight at birth. We assessed prospectively the effect of the antenatal care in a group of 648 infants born consecutively at the University Hospital of Santa Maria, weighing from <1000 to >4000 g, and from <28 to >40 weeks of gestational age. Preterm delivery (<37 weeks) accounted for 17.7% of all deliveries, low birth-weight infants (<2500 g) for 20.5%, and very low birth-weight infants (<1000 g) for 2.8%. When the first antenatal visit was performed before the 12th week, only 5.1% of the babies were born with <37 weeks of gestational age or weight at birth of <2500 g. However, when the first visit was after the 28th week, the percentage of preterm delivery was 41.3% and of birth weight <2500 g was 43.5%. A significant association between higher frequency of antenatal visits, early care and decrease in preterm delivery frequency and low birth-weight infants was noted (p <0.001). We conclude that increase in the number of antenatal visits and early care can reduce the preterm delivery and low-birth weight infant rates.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1998;20(2):77-81
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031998000200004
Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring (EFM) is the most widely used method of direct fetal surveillance especially during labor. In an attempt to elucidate the effect of EFM on cesarean section (CS) rates, a retrospective study was performed at the University Hospital of Santa Maria (HUSM). We studied two groups of patients, consisting of 2114 pregnant women: EFM group (n=517) and intermittent auscultation (IA) group (n=1597). In the EFM group we observed 38.0% of CS vs. 27.2% in the IA group. For all patients, the CS rate was 29.9%. Fetal distress was the most common indication for CS in the EFM group (40.6%), while previous CS was the third cause (10.1%). On the IA group, fetal distress was the third cause in CS (14.3%), while previous CS was the most common cause (32.4%). On the basis of this study, we believe that EFM has no effect in itself on cesarean section rates considering overall deliveries at HUSM. With proper education of the clinician and correct interpretation of the findings, EFM would not increase cesarean section rates, but rather should allow for a more accurate description of intrapartum fetal well-being.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1998;20(2):77-81
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031998000200004
Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring (EFM) is the most widely used method of direct fetal surveillance especially during labor. In an attempt to elucidate the effect of EFM on cesarean section (CS) rates, a retrospective study was performed at the University Hospital of Santa Maria (HUSM). We studied two groups of patients, consisting of 2114 pregnant women: EFM group (n=517) and intermittent auscultation (IA) group (n=1597). In the EFM group we observed 38.0% of CS vs. 27.2% in the IA group. For all patients, the CS rate was 29.9%. Fetal distress was the most common indication for CS in the EFM group (40.6%), while previous CS was the third cause (10.1%). On the IA group, fetal distress was the third cause in CS (14.3%), while previous CS was the most common cause (32.4%). On the basis of this study, we believe that EFM has no effect in itself on cesarean section rates considering overall deliveries at HUSM. With proper education of the clinician and correct interpretation of the findings, EFM would not increase cesarean section rates, but rather should allow for a more accurate description of intrapartum fetal well-being.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1999;21(3):141-146
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031999000300004
Purpose: to study fetal oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels during labor by continuous pulse oximetry tecnique, and its relation to umbilical artery (UA) pH. Patients and Methods: fetal SpO2 levels were measured during labor by the pulse oximetry technique in 50 subjects. Average values of SpO2 were compared between the first and second stage of labor, with the first stage further subdivided into phases, according to cervical dilatation of (<=4 cm, 5-7 cm and 8-9 cm). SpO2 values were studied in relation to umbilical artery pH at birth ( > or = 7.20 and <7.20). SpO2 > or = 30.0% was considered normal. Results: fetal SpO2 averages during the first stage were 53.0 ± 7.3% and 44.2 ± 6.8% (UA pH > or = 7.20 and <7.20, respectively; p<0.01). When the first stage was subdivided, the fetal SpO2 averages (UA pH > or = 7.20) were 55.1 ± 5.1% (<=4 cm), 52.3 ± 4.6% (5-7 cm) and 51.5 ± 7.2% (8-9 cm); for UA pH <7.20, the fetal SpO2 averages were 46.3 ± 5.1% (<=4 cm), 43.6 ± 6.7% (5-7 cm) and 42.8 ± 5.8% (8-9 cm). Considering the UA pH, these differences were statistically significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: a significant decrease of oxygen saturation values was observed during labor when fetal pulse oximetry was used.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1999;21(3):141-146
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031999000300004
Purpose: to study fetal oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels during labor by continuous pulse oximetry tecnique, and its relation to umbilical artery (UA) pH. Patients and Methods: fetal SpO2 levels were measured during labor by the pulse oximetry technique in 50 subjects. Average values of SpO2 were compared between the first and second stage of labor, with the first stage further subdivided into phases, according to cervical dilatation of (<=4 cm, 5-7 cm and 8-9 cm). SpO2 values were studied in relation to umbilical artery pH at birth ( > or = 7.20 and <7.20). SpO2 > or = 30.0% was considered normal. Results: fetal SpO2 averages during the first stage were 53.0 ± 7.3% and 44.2 ± 6.8% (UA pH > or = 7.20 and <7.20, respectively; p<0.01). When the first stage was subdivided, the fetal SpO2 averages (UA pH > or = 7.20) were 55.1 ± 5.1% (<=4 cm), 52.3 ± 4.6% (5-7 cm) and 51.5 ± 7.2% (8-9 cm); for UA pH <7.20, the fetal SpO2 averages were 46.3 ± 5.1% (<=4 cm), 43.6 ± 6.7% (5-7 cm) and 42.8 ± 5.8% (8-9 cm). Considering the UA pH, these differences were statistically significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: a significant decrease of oxygen saturation values was observed during labor when fetal pulse oximetry was used.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2006;28(10):575-580
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032006001000002
PURPOSE: To determine the values of amniotic fluid in normal fetuses during the first trimester of pregnancy by three- and bi-dimensional ultrasonography. METHODS: In a prospective longitudinal study, 25 normal fetuses were evaluated from the 8th to the 11th week of gestation. Amniotic fluid volume was measured by endovaginal ultrasonography with the three- and two-dimensional modes. The two-dimensional study consisted of volumetric determination by mathematical calculation based on an ellipsoidal shape (constant 0.52) to obtain the amniotic sac and embryo volumes. In the three-dimensional study, the amniotic fluid volume was determined by the VOCAL technique using 6, 9, 15, and 30 degrees of rotation. The amniotic fluid volume obtained by 6-degree rotations was considered to be the final result. In both modes, amniotic fluid volume was obtained by subtracting the volume of the embryo from the volume of the amniotic sac. Data were analyzed statistically for variance (ANOVA), correlation and regression analysis. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The amniotic fluid volume as measured by two-dimensional ultrasonography increased from 5.45 to 39.52 cm³ in the range from the 8th to the 11th week (ANOVA - p < 0.05). There was a correlation between gestational age and amniotic fluid volume (p < 0.001, r² = 88.3%). In the three-dimensional study, the amniotic fluid volume increased from 5.7 to 42.9 cm³ in the range from the 8th to the 11th week (ANOVA - p < 0.05), and again a correlation between gestational age and amniotic fluid volume (p < 0.001, r² = 98.1%) was observed. CONCLUSION: an increase in amniotic fluid volume occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy, as determined by the two- and three-dimensional modes. In addition, we have demonstrated that the higher the gestational age, the larger the amniotic fluid volume.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2006;28(10):575-580
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032006001000002
PURPOSE: To determine the values of amniotic fluid in normal fetuses during the first trimester of pregnancy by three- and bi-dimensional ultrasonography. METHODS: In a prospective longitudinal study, 25 normal fetuses were evaluated from the 8th to the 11th week of gestation. Amniotic fluid volume was measured by endovaginal ultrasonography with the three- and two-dimensional modes. The two-dimensional study consisted of volumetric determination by mathematical calculation based on an ellipsoidal shape (constant 0.52) to obtain the amniotic sac and embryo volumes. In the three-dimensional study, the amniotic fluid volume was determined by the VOCAL technique using 6, 9, 15, and 30 degrees of rotation. The amniotic fluid volume obtained by 6-degree rotations was considered to be the final result. In both modes, amniotic fluid volume was obtained by subtracting the volume of the embryo from the volume of the amniotic sac. Data were analyzed statistically for variance (ANOVA), correlation and regression analysis. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The amniotic fluid volume as measured by two-dimensional ultrasonography increased from 5.45 to 39.52 cm³ in the range from the 8th to the 11th week (ANOVA - p < 0.05). There was a correlation between gestational age and amniotic fluid volume (p < 0.001, r² = 88.3%). In the three-dimensional study, the amniotic fluid volume increased from 5.7 to 42.9 cm³ in the range from the 8th to the 11th week (ANOVA - p < 0.05), and again a correlation between gestational age and amniotic fluid volume (p < 0.001, r² = 98.1%) was observed. CONCLUSION: an increase in amniotic fluid volume occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy, as determined by the two- and three-dimensional modes. In addition, we have demonstrated that the higher the gestational age, the larger the amniotic fluid volume.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1999;21(6):335-339
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031999000600006
Purpose: to study the sensitivity and specificity based on fetal oxygen saturation (SpO2) values and fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns during labor, for the prognosis of acidotic fetuses at birth. Patients and Methods: SpO2 values were obtained by fetal pulse oximetry technique. A fetal SpO2 value > or = 30% was considered normal, and an SpO2 which remained <30.0% for more than 10 min between contractions was considered abnormal. Fetal SpO2 and FHR tracings were obtained during the first and second stage of labor. FHR classification used in the study has been derived from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development19. Results: a total of 72 subjects were studied. The sensitivity and specificity, based on SpO2, were 61.5% and 96.6%, respectively, whereas the sensitivity and specificity based on FHR patterns were 69.2% and 66.1%. Positive and negative predictive values based on SpO2 were 80% and 91.9%, respectively, and based on FHR patterns were 31% and 90.7%, respectively. Conclusions: a good fetal SpO2 specificity for prognosis of acidotic fetuses at birth was found, if compared with FHR pattern specificity, whereas sensitivity was poor for both methods. However, the number of acidotic fetuses was too small to allow more conclusions
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1999;21(6):335-339
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031999000600006
Purpose: to study the sensitivity and specificity based on fetal oxygen saturation (SpO2) values and fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns during labor, for the prognosis of acidotic fetuses at birth. Patients and Methods: SpO2 values were obtained by fetal pulse oximetry technique. A fetal SpO2 value > or = 30% was considered normal, and an SpO2 which remained <30.0% for more than 10 min between contractions was considered abnormal. Fetal SpO2 and FHR tracings were obtained during the first and second stage of labor. FHR classification used in the study has been derived from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development19. Results: a total of 72 subjects were studied. The sensitivity and specificity, based on SpO2, were 61.5% and 96.6%, respectively, whereas the sensitivity and specificity based on FHR patterns were 69.2% and 66.1%. Positive and negative predictive values based on SpO2 were 80% and 91.9%, respectively, and based on FHR patterns were 31% and 90.7%, respectively. Conclusions: a good fetal SpO2 specificity for prognosis of acidotic fetuses at birth was found, if compared with FHR pattern specificity, whereas sensitivity was poor for both methods. However, the number of acidotic fetuses was too small to allow more conclusions
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2006;28(1):38-43
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032006000100007
PURPOSE: to determine the intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of endometrial volume measurements using the VOCAL®-imaging program (Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis). METHODS: one three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound dataset of the endometrium was obtained from each of five infertile women with different endometrial volumes. For each 3-D dataset, the endometrial volume was calculated by two different observers using the manual mode in four different rotational steps (30º, 15º, 9º and 6º). Ten measurements were obtained with each method and observer from each 3-D dataset. We have used one-way ANOVA and the Tukey post-test to verify the differences among means and the intraclass correlation coefficient to test reliability. RESULTS: rotational methods employing a rotation step of 30º were associated with lower endometrial volume readings in 3 of the 5 patients. There were no significant differences between the means obtained by the 15º, 9º or 6º step rotation. No significant difference was found between the means obtained by the two different observers. The intraclass correlation coefficients were significantly lower with 30º (all under 0.984) than with the other step rotations (all above 0.996). CONCLUSIONS: the use of a rotational step of 15º or less provides reliable readings of endometrial volume: there were no significant differences between the means calculated by the two observers, associated with highintraclass correlation coefficient (>0.996). We recommend the 15º step rotation because it is quicker to be performed than 6º and 9º.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2006;28(1):38-43
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032006000100007
PURPOSE: to determine the intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of endometrial volume measurements using the VOCAL®-imaging program (Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis). METHODS: one three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound dataset of the endometrium was obtained from each of five infertile women with different endometrial volumes. For each 3-D dataset, the endometrial volume was calculated by two different observers using the manual mode in four different rotational steps (30º, 15º, 9º and 6º). Ten measurements were obtained with each method and observer from each 3-D dataset. We have used one-way ANOVA and the Tukey post-test to verify the differences among means and the intraclass correlation coefficient to test reliability. RESULTS: rotational methods employing a rotation step of 30º were associated with lower endometrial volume readings in 3 of the 5 patients. There were no significant differences between the means obtained by the 15º, 9º or 6º step rotation. No significant difference was found between the means obtained by the two different observers. The intraclass correlation coefficients were significantly lower with 30º (all under 0.984) than with the other step rotations (all above 0.996). CONCLUSIONS: the use of a rotational step of 15º or less provides reliable readings of endometrial volume: there were no significant differences between the means calculated by the two observers, associated with highintraclass correlation coefficient (>0.996). We recommend the 15º step rotation because it is quicker to be performed than 6º and 9º.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2005;27(11):707-707
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2005;27(11):707-707
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2005;27(7):387-392
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032005000700004
PURPOSE: to assess peak systolic velocity (PSV) and the resistance index (RI) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), suprarenal aorta (SRA) and infrarenal aorta (IRA) of the fetus and in the umbilical artery (UA) between the 22nd and 38th week of gestation. METHODS: a prospective study which evaluated the parameters of 33 normal fetuses in the 22nd, 26th, 30th, and 38th week of gestation. Pregnant women with a singleton fetus with no diseases or complications and who agreed to participate were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were fetal malformations, discontinuation of prenatal care visits and mothers who smoked, used alcohol or illicit drugs. Ultrasound examinations were performed by a single observer. For the acquisition of the Doppler velocimetry tracing in the MCA, SRA, IRA and UA, the sample volume was 1 to 2 mm, placed in the center of the arteries. The insonation angle was 5º to 19º in the MCA, below 45º in the SRA and IRA, and less than 60º in the UA. We used a wall filter of 50-100 Hz. The parameters were calculated automatically with the frozen image, three measurements being made. The final result was obtained by the arithmetic mean of the three values. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), post hoc Bonferroni test, Pearson's correlation, and regression analysis. The level of significance was set at p<0.05 in all analyses. RESULTS: PSV increased from 26.3 to 57.7 cm/s in the MCA between the 22nd and the 38th week of gestation (p<0.05). In the SRA and in the IRA, PSV increased between the 22nd and 34th week of gestation, from 74.6 and 59.0 cm/s to 106.0 and 86.6 cm/s, respectively (p<0.05). In the UA, PSV increased between the 22nd and the 34th week of gestation, but decreased from 55.5 to 46.2 cm/s between the 34th and the 38th week of gestation. In the MCA, the RI was lower in the 22nd (0.81) and 38th week of gestation (0.75) and higher (0.85) in the 26th week (p<0.05). In the SRA, the RI values were stable in all weeks and in the IRA they were stable in most weeks (p>0.05). In the UA, RI decreased from 0.69 to 0.56 between the 22nd and 38th week of gestation (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: in normal fetuses, in the second half of gestation PSV increased in the MCA, SRA and IRA, decreasing in the UA between the 34th and 38th week of gestation. RI was lower in the 22nd and 38th weeks of gestation in the MCA, decreased between the 22nd and the 38th week in the UA, and was constant in most of the gestational weeks in the SRA and IRA.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2005;27(7):387-392
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032005000700004
PURPOSE: to assess peak systolic velocity (PSV) and the resistance index (RI) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), suprarenal aorta (SRA) and infrarenal aorta (IRA) of the fetus and in the umbilical artery (UA) between the 22nd and 38th week of gestation. METHODS: a prospective study which evaluated the parameters of 33 normal fetuses in the 22nd, 26th, 30th, and 38th week of gestation. Pregnant women with a singleton fetus with no diseases or complications and who agreed to participate were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were fetal malformations, discontinuation of prenatal care visits and mothers who smoked, used alcohol or illicit drugs. Ultrasound examinations were performed by a single observer. For the acquisition of the Doppler velocimetry tracing in the MCA, SRA, IRA and UA, the sample volume was 1 to 2 mm, placed in the center of the arteries. The insonation angle was 5º to 19º in the MCA, below 45º in the SRA and IRA, and less than 60º in the UA. We used a wall filter of 50-100 Hz. The parameters were calculated automatically with the frozen image, three measurements being made. The final result was obtained by the arithmetic mean of the three values. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), post hoc Bonferroni test, Pearson's correlation, and regression analysis. The level of significance was set at p<0.05 in all analyses. RESULTS: PSV increased from 26.3 to 57.7 cm/s in the MCA between the 22nd and the 38th week of gestation (p<0.05). In the SRA and in the IRA, PSV increased between the 22nd and 34th week of gestation, from 74.6 and 59.0 cm/s to 106.0 and 86.6 cm/s, respectively (p<0.05). In the UA, PSV increased between the 22nd and the 34th week of gestation, but decreased from 55.5 to 46.2 cm/s between the 34th and the 38th week of gestation. In the MCA, the RI was lower in the 22nd (0.81) and 38th week of gestation (0.75) and higher (0.85) in the 26th week (p<0.05). In the SRA, the RI values were stable in all weeks and in the IRA they were stable in most weeks (p>0.05). In the UA, RI decreased from 0.69 to 0.56 between the 22nd and 38th week of gestation (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: in normal fetuses, in the second half of gestation PSV increased in the MCA, SRA and IRA, decreasing in the UA between the 34th and 38th week of gestation. RI was lower in the 22nd and 38th weeks of gestation in the MCA, decreased between the 22nd and the 38th week in the UA, and was constant in most of the gestational weeks in the SRA and IRA.