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Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2000;22(2):101-106
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000200007
Purpose: to evaluate the prevalence of anticardiolipin antibody in women with stillbirth. Patients and Methods: this was a cross-sectional study performed from May 1998 to September 1999 at the Maternity of the University of Campinas and at the Hospital and Maternity Leonor Mendes de Barros, in Brazil, which evaluated 109 pregnant women hospitalized with the diagnosis of intrauterine fetal death and gestational age of 20 or more weeks. These women underwent some laboratory examinations to identify the cause of fetal death, including anticardiolipin antibody evaluation performed through the determination of IgG and IgM serum levels. IgG and IgM results are expressed as GPL and MPL units, respectively, and, in both cases, results above 10 units are considered positive. The statistical procedures used were the mean and standard deviation estimates, Student's t test, Fisher test and chi². Results: the prevalence of anticardiolipin positivity was 18.3%. The women were predominantly young, with a mean age around 27 years. The main identified causes of fetal death were: hypertension (26.1%), hemorrhage during the third trimester (9.9%) and fetal malformation (8.1%). One third of the cases had no identified causes of fetal death. However, considering the 20 positive cases for anticardiolipin antibody, the proportion of unidentified causes decreased to 29%. Conclusions: it is important to investigate the presence of anticardiolipin antibodies among women with intrauterine fetal death with the purpose of clarifying the causes of stillbirth. If the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome is confirmed, it is necessary to counsel and treat these women regarding future pregnancies.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2000;22(2):101-106
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000200007
Purpose: to evaluate the prevalence of anticardiolipin antibody in women with stillbirth. Patients and Methods: this was a cross-sectional study performed from May 1998 to September 1999 at the Maternity of the University of Campinas and at the Hospital and Maternity Leonor Mendes de Barros, in Brazil, which evaluated 109 pregnant women hospitalized with the diagnosis of intrauterine fetal death and gestational age of 20 or more weeks. These women underwent some laboratory examinations to identify the cause of fetal death, including anticardiolipin antibody evaluation performed through the determination of IgG and IgM serum levels. IgG and IgM results are expressed as GPL and MPL units, respectively, and, in both cases, results above 10 units are considered positive. The statistical procedures used were the mean and standard deviation estimates, Student's t test, Fisher test and chi². Results: the prevalence of anticardiolipin positivity was 18.3%. The women were predominantly young, with a mean age around 27 years. The main identified causes of fetal death were: hypertension (26.1%), hemorrhage during the third trimester (9.9%) and fetal malformation (8.1%). One third of the cases had no identified causes of fetal death. However, considering the 20 positive cases for anticardiolipin antibody, the proportion of unidentified causes decreased to 29%. Conclusions: it is important to investigate the presence of anticardiolipin antibodies among women with intrauterine fetal death with the purpose of clarifying the causes of stillbirth. If the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome is confirmed, it is necessary to counsel and treat these women regarding future pregnancies.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2011;33(3):118-122
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032011000300003
PURPOSE: to determine the efficacy and safety of dinoprostone and misoprostol for the induction of vaginal childbirth, with or without the use of oxytocin in nulliparous women. METHODS: in this retrospective observational study, 238 patients were subjected to the induction of delivery from January 2008 to February 2010 with the use of misoprostol 25 mcg by the vaginal route or a pessary containing 10 mg of dinoprostone. A total of 184 patients were selected, with the following characteristics: nulliparous, gestational age of 37-42 weeks, singleton pregnancies, cephalic presentation, intact membranes, and Bishop score < 3. Obstetric and neonatal data were analyzed and compared between groups. The Student t-test, chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used for statistical analysis, with the level of significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS: the rate of vaginal childbirth did not differ significantly in patients who used misoprostol and dinoprostone (43.2% versus 50%; p = 0.35, respectively). The ripening of cervix was higher in the group treated with misoprostol (87.3% versus 75.6%, p=0.04). The use of oxytocin was necessary in 58.8% of the misoprostol group and 57.3% in the dinoprostone group after the ripening of cervix. Failed induction was the primary indication of caesarean section delivery in both groups, with no significant difference between them. Fetal and maternal adverse events, such as tachysystole and Apgar scores were similar. CONCLUSION: dinoprostone and misoprostol are both effective for vaginal childbirth induction, although they need to be combined with oxytocin. They showed a similar safety profile, with misoprostol being more efficient regarding cervical ripening.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2011;33(3):118-122
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032011000300003
PURPOSE: to determine the efficacy and safety of dinoprostone and misoprostol for the induction of vaginal childbirth, with or without the use of oxytocin in nulliparous women. METHODS: in this retrospective observational study, 238 patients were subjected to the induction of delivery from January 2008 to February 2010 with the use of misoprostol 25 mcg by the vaginal route or a pessary containing 10 mg of dinoprostone. A total of 184 patients were selected, with the following characteristics: nulliparous, gestational age of 37-42 weeks, singleton pregnancies, cephalic presentation, intact membranes, and Bishop score < 3. Obstetric and neonatal data were analyzed and compared between groups. The Student t-test, chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used for statistical analysis, with the level of significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS: the rate of vaginal childbirth did not differ significantly in patients who used misoprostol and dinoprostone (43.2% versus 50%; p = 0.35, respectively). The ripening of cervix was higher in the group treated with misoprostol (87.3% versus 75.6%, p=0.04). The use of oxytocin was necessary in 58.8% of the misoprostol group and 57.3% in the dinoprostone group after the ripening of cervix. Failed induction was the primary indication of caesarean section delivery in both groups, with no significant difference between them. Fetal and maternal adverse events, such as tachysystole and Apgar scores were similar. CONCLUSION: dinoprostone and misoprostol are both effective for vaginal childbirth induction, although they need to be combined with oxytocin. They showed a similar safety profile, with misoprostol being more efficient regarding cervical ripening.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2000;22(3):175-179
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000300009
Purpose: to evaluate the route of delivery in a group of low-income primipara pregnant women with a previous cesarean section, and the factors associated with the repetition of the cesarean section on the second delivery. Patients and Methods: it was a case-control study including 356 women who were assisted at the Maternity of CAISM/UNICAMP during the period between January 1993 and January 1996. The cases were 153 women whose second delivery was through a cesarean section and the controls were 203 women whose second delivery was vaginal. For analysis, means, standard deviation, Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney test, chi² test and odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI for each factor possibly associated with cesarean section on the second delivery were used. Results: the route of the second delivery was vaginal for 57% of the women. Among the several variables studied, those which showed to be significantly associated with a cesarean section on the second delivery were: higher maternal age (for women over 35 years, OR = 16.4), previous abortions (OR = 2.09), induced labor (OR = 3,83), premature rupture of membranes (OR = 2.83), not having an epidural analgesia performed during labor (OR = 5.3), the finding of some alteration in fetal well-being (OR = 2.7) and the delivery occurring during the afternoon (OR = 1.92). Conclusions: these results indicate that the factors associated with the repetition of cesarean section in women with a previous scar of cesarean section in this population are predominantly medical; however, there is still the possibility of proposing interventions directed to decreasing the rates of repeated cesarean sections.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2000;22(3):175-179
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000300009
Purpose: to evaluate the route of delivery in a group of low-income primipara pregnant women with a previous cesarean section, and the factors associated with the repetition of the cesarean section on the second delivery. Patients and Methods: it was a case-control study including 356 women who were assisted at the Maternity of CAISM/UNICAMP during the period between January 1993 and January 1996. The cases were 153 women whose second delivery was through a cesarean section and the controls were 203 women whose second delivery was vaginal. For analysis, means, standard deviation, Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney test, chi² test and odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI for each factor possibly associated with cesarean section on the second delivery were used. Results: the route of the second delivery was vaginal for 57% of the women. Among the several variables studied, those which showed to be significantly associated with a cesarean section on the second delivery were: higher maternal age (for women over 35 years, OR = 16.4), previous abortions (OR = 2.09), induced labor (OR = 3,83), premature rupture of membranes (OR = 2.83), not having an epidural analgesia performed during labor (OR = 5.3), the finding of some alteration in fetal well-being (OR = 2.7) and the delivery occurring during the afternoon (OR = 1.92). Conclusions: these results indicate that the factors associated with the repetition of cesarean section in women with a previous scar of cesarean section in this population are predominantly medical; however, there is still the possibility of proposing interventions directed to decreasing the rates of repeated cesarean sections.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2016;38(4):183-188
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perinatal outcomes in pregnant women who use illicit drugs.
A retrospective observational study of patients who, at the time of delivery, were sent to or who spontaneously sought a public maternity hospital in the eastern area of São Paulo city. We compared the perinatal outcomes of two distinct groups of pregnant women - illicit drugs users and non-users - that gave birth in the same period and analyzed the obstetric and neonatal variables. We used Student's t-test to calculate the averages among the groups, and the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test to compare categorical data from each group.
We analyzed 166 women (83 users and 83 non-users) in both groups with a mean of age of 26 years. Ninety-five percent of the drug users would use crack or pure cocaine alone or associated with other psychoactive substances during pregnancy. Approximately half of the users group made no prenatal visit, compared with 2.4% in the non-users group (p < 0.001). Low birth weight (2,620 g versus 3,333 g on average, p < 0.001) and maternal syphilis (15.7% versus 0%, p < 0.001) were associated with the use of these illicit drugs.
The use of illicit drugs, mainly crack cocaine, represents an important perinatal risk. Any medical intervention in this population should combine adherence to prenatal care with strategies for reducing maternal exposure to illicit drugs.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2016;38(4):183-188
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perinatal outcomes in pregnant women who use illicit drugs.
A retrospective observational study of patients who, at the time of delivery, were sent to or who spontaneously sought a public maternity hospital in the eastern area of São Paulo city. We compared the perinatal outcomes of two distinct groups of pregnant women - illicit drugs users and non-users - that gave birth in the same period and analyzed the obstetric and neonatal variables. We used Student's t-test to calculate the averages among the groups, and the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test to compare categorical data from each group.
We analyzed 166 women (83 users and 83 non-users) in both groups with a mean of age of 26 years. Ninety-five percent of the drug users would use crack or pure cocaine alone or associated with other psychoactive substances during pregnancy. Approximately half of the users group made no prenatal visit, compared with 2.4% in the non-users group (p < 0.001). Low birth weight (2,620 g versus 3,333 g on average, p < 0.001) and maternal syphilis (15.7% versus 0%, p < 0.001) were associated with the use of these illicit drugs.
The use of illicit drugs, mainly crack cocaine, represents an important perinatal risk. Any medical intervention in this population should combine adherence to prenatal care with strategies for reducing maternal exposure to illicit drugs.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2000;22(8):519-523
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000800008
Purpose: to evaluate the results of assistance to breech deliveries. Methods: this was a descriptive study where 160 pregnant women with breech presentation and live newborns were analyzed. They were divided into two groups according to the route of delivery. Clinical data concerning labor, delivery and newborns were studied. For statistical analysis vaginal deliveries were compared with cesarean sections using mean and standard deviation estimates, Student's t, Mann-Whitney and chi² tests. Results: the global cesarean section rate was 81.2%. The gestational age and the weight of the newborns were significantly lower in the vaginal delivery group. Prematurity and low birth weight were significantly associated with vaginal delivery. Only 14 newborns had an Apgar score below 7 at the fifth minute, almost 60% of them in the vaginal delivery group. Conclusions: this population presented a high cesarean section rate and also high perinatal morbidity, prematurity and low birth weight in the vaginal delivery group. These findings do not allow conclusions regarding the real relationships among breech presentation, route of delivery and perinatal outcomes. The control regarding gestational age and parity, besides a random decision on the route of delivery, is necessary for future conclusions.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2000;22(8):519-523
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000800008
Purpose: to evaluate the results of assistance to breech deliveries. Methods: this was a descriptive study where 160 pregnant women with breech presentation and live newborns were analyzed. They were divided into two groups according to the route of delivery. Clinical data concerning labor, delivery and newborns were studied. For statistical analysis vaginal deliveries were compared with cesarean sections using mean and standard deviation estimates, Student's t, Mann-Whitney and chi² tests. Results: the global cesarean section rate was 81.2%. The gestational age and the weight of the newborns were significantly lower in the vaginal delivery group. Prematurity and low birth weight were significantly associated with vaginal delivery. Only 14 newborns had an Apgar score below 7 at the fifth minute, almost 60% of them in the vaginal delivery group. Conclusions: this population presented a high cesarean section rate and also high perinatal morbidity, prematurity and low birth weight in the vaginal delivery group. These findings do not allow conclusions regarding the real relationships among breech presentation, route of delivery and perinatal outcomes. The control regarding gestational age and parity, besides a random decision on the route of delivery, is necessary for future conclusions.