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Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1998;20(5):237-243
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031998000500002
We analyze prospectively the existence of a relationship between the mother's glycemic control, in the first half of pregnancy, and the occurrence of abnormal fetal cardiac abnormalities, in pregnant women with diabetes mellitus. In 127 pregnant women, the level of glycosylated hemoglobin was determined on the first visit during prenatal care. Nine patients had type I diabetes, 77 type II and 41 gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). All mothers were submitted to detailed fetal echocardiography, during the 28th ± 4.127 week of gestation. In 31 (24.4%) of the 127 fetuses cardiac anomalies were detected. In 10 (7.87%) an isolated cardiac anomaly was identified. Mean HbA1c in the group of pregnant women without cardiac anomalies (5.64%) was statistically different from the group with anomalies (10.14%) (p<0.0001). The receiver-operator characteristic, representing the balance between sensitivity (92.83%) and specificity (98.92%) in the diagnosis of structural cardiac abnormalities, showed a cut-off point at the 7.5% HbA1c level. In nine of ten fetuses with structural cardiac anomalies, the maternal level of HbA1c was higher than 7.5%. The difference between means of the groups with and without myocardial hypertrophy diagnosed as isolated anomaly (MCHP) was not statistically significant, when considering both type II diabetes and GDM subgroups. In conclusion, levels of HbA1c higher than 7.5% were associated with most cases of echocardiographycally diagnosed structural cardiac anomalies. On the other hand, this test was not useful to discriminate conceptus with MCHP.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1998;20(5):237-243
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031998000500002
We analyze prospectively the existence of a relationship between the mother's glycemic control, in the first half of pregnancy, and the occurrence of abnormal fetal cardiac abnormalities, in pregnant women with diabetes mellitus. In 127 pregnant women, the level of glycosylated hemoglobin was determined on the first visit during prenatal care. Nine patients had type I diabetes, 77 type II and 41 gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). All mothers were submitted to detailed fetal echocardiography, during the 28th ± 4.127 week of gestation. In 31 (24.4%) of the 127 fetuses cardiac anomalies were detected. In 10 (7.87%) an isolated cardiac anomaly was identified. Mean HbA1c in the group of pregnant women without cardiac anomalies (5.64%) was statistically different from the group with anomalies (10.14%) (p<0.0001). The receiver-operator characteristic, representing the balance between sensitivity (92.83%) and specificity (98.92%) in the diagnosis of structural cardiac abnormalities, showed a cut-off point at the 7.5% HbA1c level. In nine of ten fetuses with structural cardiac anomalies, the maternal level of HbA1c was higher than 7.5%. The difference between means of the groups with and without myocardial hypertrophy diagnosed as isolated anomaly (MCHP) was not statistically significant, when considering both type II diabetes and GDM subgroups. In conclusion, levels of HbA1c higher than 7.5% were associated with most cases of echocardiographycally diagnosed structural cardiac anomalies. On the other hand, this test was not useful to discriminate conceptus with MCHP.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1999;21(8):459-463
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031999000800006
SUMMARY Purpose: to examine the response of the fetal heart rate (FHR) and middle cerebral artery resistance (MCA PI) to vibratory stimulation (VAS) in normal human fetuses. Methods: when the fetuses were without activity (in apnea and without corporal movements), we obtained baseline measurements of MCA PI and FHR before and after the application of a 3-sec vibratory acoustic stimulus. Real time ultrasonography with pulsed wave and color Doppler imaging was used for the execution of the study. The VAS was performed using a bicycle horn with 400 to 4000 Hz and sound pressure was 65 to 110 dB. Results: the FHR before VAS was 139 ± 3.14 bpm and after VAS was 153 ± 7.23 bpm (p<0.0001). The MCA PI rate before VAS was 1.84 ± 0.07 and after VAS was 1.56 ± 0.04 (p<0.001). In all cases we observed a fetal response with vigorous corporal movements, FHR rise and MCA PI reduction after VAS. Conclusions: we conclude that VAS, in human fetuses near term, for 3 sec as described in this study, determines some response, with increase in FHR and corporal movement and MCA PI reduction. Although we have a tendence to say that VAS determines fetal cerebral flow increase, these data do not allow such clinic interpretation.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 1999;21(8):459-463
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72031999000800006
SUMMARY Purpose: to examine the response of the fetal heart rate (FHR) and middle cerebral artery resistance (MCA PI) to vibratory stimulation (VAS) in normal human fetuses. Methods: when the fetuses were without activity (in apnea and without corporal movements), we obtained baseline measurements of MCA PI and FHR before and after the application of a 3-sec vibratory acoustic stimulus. Real time ultrasonography with pulsed wave and color Doppler imaging was used for the execution of the study. The VAS was performed using a bicycle horn with 400 to 4000 Hz and sound pressure was 65 to 110 dB. Results: the FHR before VAS was 139 ± 3.14 bpm and after VAS was 153 ± 7.23 bpm (p<0.0001). The MCA PI rate before VAS was 1.84 ± 0.07 and after VAS was 1.56 ± 0.04 (p<0.001). In all cases we observed a fetal response with vigorous corporal movements, FHR rise and MCA PI reduction after VAS. Conclusions: we conclude that VAS, in human fetuses near term, for 3 sec as described in this study, determines some response, with increase in FHR and corporal movement and MCA PI reduction. Although we have a tendence to say that VAS determines fetal cerebral flow increase, these data do not allow such clinic interpretation.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2001;23(1):21-27
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032001000100004
Purpose: nucleated red blood cell counts are increased in several hypoxic conditions. The authors aimed to establish if there is a correlation between erythroblast counts in the umbilical vein of newborns and the presence of perinatal hypoxia detected by acid-base balance parameters. Methods: blood samples were obtained from the umbilical vein of pregnant subjects with at least 37 weeks of gestation attended at the Hospital de Alvorada-RS, just before the newborns' first breathing movement. Part of the blood was placed in an EDTA-containing vial and white and red blood cells were analyzed. The remaining amount of blood was aspirated into insulin type syringe previously washed with heparin and pH, pO2, pCO2 and acid-base excess/deficit were analyzed. Slides were also prepared with the panoptic stain for visual identification and count of the erythroblast number. The erythroblast/leukocyte ratio was calculated. Results: of the 158 cases included in the study, 55 were considered free of perinatal hypoxia. In this population, the average erythroblast rate was 3.9% with a standard deviation of 2.8%. The minimum and maximum values were 0% and 10%, respectively. When considering all the cases, the average was 5.7%, with a standard deviation of 5.3%. The minimum and maximum values were 0% and 28%, respectively. Application of Pearson's test for the analysis of the erythroblast rate and acid-base parameters showed a significant correlation for pH and pCO2. The construction of a Receiver Operation Curve showed that for an erythroblast rate of 5%, a 7.25-pH cutoff yields a sensitivity of 54% and a specificity of 56%. Out of the 23 newborns whose normoblast rate was greater than 10%, there was acidemia in 7 (30.4%), 11 (48.7%) were large for gestational age, 3 (13%) were small for gestational age, 7 (30.4%) were anemic, and in 3 (13%) there were no abnormalities. Conclusions: in newborns from uncomplicated pregnancies and deliveries, the erythroblast rate was less than 10%. When it was greater than 10%, a correlation was found mainly with large or small for gestational age, fetal anemia and acidemia.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2001;23(1):21-27
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032001000100004
Purpose: nucleated red blood cell counts are increased in several hypoxic conditions. The authors aimed to establish if there is a correlation between erythroblast counts in the umbilical vein of newborns and the presence of perinatal hypoxia detected by acid-base balance parameters. Methods: blood samples were obtained from the umbilical vein of pregnant subjects with at least 37 weeks of gestation attended at the Hospital de Alvorada-RS, just before the newborns' first breathing movement. Part of the blood was placed in an EDTA-containing vial and white and red blood cells were analyzed. The remaining amount of blood was aspirated into insulin type syringe previously washed with heparin and pH, pO2, pCO2 and acid-base excess/deficit were analyzed. Slides were also prepared with the panoptic stain for visual identification and count of the erythroblast number. The erythroblast/leukocyte ratio was calculated. Results: of the 158 cases included in the study, 55 were considered free of perinatal hypoxia. In this population, the average erythroblast rate was 3.9% with a standard deviation of 2.8%. The minimum and maximum values were 0% and 10%, respectively. When considering all the cases, the average was 5.7%, with a standard deviation of 5.3%. The minimum and maximum values were 0% and 28%, respectively. Application of Pearson's test for the analysis of the erythroblast rate and acid-base parameters showed a significant correlation for pH and pCO2. The construction of a Receiver Operation Curve showed that for an erythroblast rate of 5%, a 7.25-pH cutoff yields a sensitivity of 54% and a specificity of 56%. Out of the 23 newborns whose normoblast rate was greater than 10%, there was acidemia in 7 (30.4%), 11 (48.7%) were large for gestational age, 3 (13%) were small for gestational age, 7 (30.4%) were anemic, and in 3 (13%) there were no abnormalities. Conclusions: in newborns from uncomplicated pregnancies and deliveries, the erythroblast rate was less than 10%. When it was greater than 10%, a correlation was found mainly with large or small for gestational age, fetal anemia and acidemia.
