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Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2011;33(12):388-394
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032011001200003
PURPOSE: to compare the blood pressure and oxygen consumption (VO2) responses between pregnant and non-pregnant women, during cycle ergometer exercise on land and in water. METHODS: ten pregnant (27 to 29 weeks of gestation) and ten non-pregnant women were enrolled. Two cardiopulmonary tests were performed on a cycle ergometer (water and land) at the heart rate corresponding to VO2, over a period of 30 minutes each. Exercise measurements consisted of recording blood pressure every five minutes, and heart rate and VO2 every 20 seconds. Two-way ANOVA was used and α=0.05 (SPSS 17.0). RESULTS: there was no difference in cardiovascular responses between pregnant and non-pregnant women during the exercise. The Pregnant Group demonstrated significant differences in systolic (131.6±8.2; 142.6±11.3 mmHg), diastolic (64.8±5.9; 74.5±5.3 mmHg), and mean blood pressure (87.0±4.1; 97.2±5.7 mmHg), during water and land exercise, respectively. The Non-pregnant women Group also had a significantly lower systolic (130.5±8.4; 135.9±8.7 mmHg), diastolic (67.4±5.7; 69.0±10.1 mmHg), and mean blood pressure (88.4±4.8; 91.3±7.8 mmHg) during water exercise compared to the land one. There were no significant differences in VO2 values between water and land exercises or between pregnant and non-pregnant women. After the first five-minute recovery period, both blood pressure and VO2 were similar to pre-exercise values. CONCLUSIONS: for pregnant women with 27 to 29 weeks of gestation, water exercise at the heart rate corresponding to VO2 is physiologically appropriate. These women also present a lower blood pressure response to exercise in water than on land.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2011;33(12):388-394
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032011001200003
PURPOSE: to compare the blood pressure and oxygen consumption (VO2) responses between pregnant and non-pregnant women, during cycle ergometer exercise on land and in water. METHODS: ten pregnant (27 to 29 weeks of gestation) and ten non-pregnant women were enrolled. Two cardiopulmonary tests were performed on a cycle ergometer (water and land) at the heart rate corresponding to VO2, over a period of 30 minutes each. Exercise measurements consisted of recording blood pressure every five minutes, and heart rate and VO2 every 20 seconds. Two-way ANOVA was used and α=0.05 (SPSS 17.0). RESULTS: there was no difference in cardiovascular responses between pregnant and non-pregnant women during the exercise. The Pregnant Group demonstrated significant differences in systolic (131.6±8.2; 142.6±11.3 mmHg), diastolic (64.8±5.9; 74.5±5.3 mmHg), and mean blood pressure (87.0±4.1; 97.2±5.7 mmHg), during water and land exercise, respectively. The Non-pregnant women Group also had a significantly lower systolic (130.5±8.4; 135.9±8.7 mmHg), diastolic (67.4±5.7; 69.0±10.1 mmHg), and mean blood pressure (88.4±4.8; 91.3±7.8 mmHg) during water exercise compared to the land one. There were no significant differences in VO2 values between water and land exercises or between pregnant and non-pregnant women. After the first five-minute recovery period, both blood pressure and VO2 were similar to pre-exercise values. CONCLUSIONS: for pregnant women with 27 to 29 weeks of gestation, water exercise at the heart rate corresponding to VO2 is physiologically appropriate. These women also present a lower blood pressure response to exercise in water than on land.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2004;26(9):685-690
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004000900002
PURPOSE: to identify the responses of heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and hydrostatic weight (HW) in pregnant women immersed up to different anatomic points as far as the xiphoid process. METHODS: eleven pregnant women underwent the following experimental procedure: 10 minutes in recumbent position for evaluation of HR and BP at rest; 2 minutes in standing position for evaluation of initial measures of HR, BP and mass, and one minute for each immersion depth. HR, BP and HW were measured after immersion up to the level of the ankle, knee, hip, navel, and xiphoid process, respectively. Descriptive statistics, test of normality (Shapiro-Wilks), homogeneity of variance test (Levene), one-way ANOVA and the Bonferroni test (SPSS version 8.0) were used, with significance at p<0.05. RESULTS: significant differences were found for HR, diastolic BP and mean BP starting from the xiphoid process (79.1±5.1 bpm; 53.3±6.7 mmHg and 63.9±6.2 mmHg, respectively) and for the systolic BP starting from the navel (92.7±11.1 mmHg). Significant differences were seen in all measurements of percent HW reduction, as in previous studies carried out with non-pregnant women. CONCLUSION: the obtained results showed a decrease in HR and BP on water immersion when compared non-immersion, as well as decreases in HW, which were proportional to the depth of immersion. The decrease in HW was found to influence the decrease in mechanical load imposed on the lower limb joints, since the mechanical load depends on both the vertical force (hydrostatic weight) and on the acceleration with which the body touches the ground. As a result, it is concluded that water is a healthy environment for the population under study, and may be adequate for the practice of physical activities.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2004;26(9):685-690
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004000900002
PURPOSE: to identify the responses of heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and hydrostatic weight (HW) in pregnant women immersed up to different anatomic points as far as the xiphoid process. METHODS: eleven pregnant women underwent the following experimental procedure: 10 minutes in recumbent position for evaluation of HR and BP at rest; 2 minutes in standing position for evaluation of initial measures of HR, BP and mass, and one minute for each immersion depth. HR, BP and HW were measured after immersion up to the level of the ankle, knee, hip, navel, and xiphoid process, respectively. Descriptive statistics, test of normality (Shapiro-Wilks), homogeneity of variance test (Levene), one-way ANOVA and the Bonferroni test (SPSS version 8.0) were used, with significance at p<0.05. RESULTS: significant differences were found for HR, diastolic BP and mean BP starting from the xiphoid process (79.1±5.1 bpm; 53.3±6.7 mmHg and 63.9±6.2 mmHg, respectively) and for the systolic BP starting from the navel (92.7±11.1 mmHg). Significant differences were seen in all measurements of percent HW reduction, as in previous studies carried out with non-pregnant women. CONCLUSION: the obtained results showed a decrease in HR and BP on water immersion when compared non-immersion, as well as decreases in HW, which were proportional to the depth of immersion. The decrease in HW was found to influence the decrease in mechanical load imposed on the lower limb joints, since the mechanical load depends on both the vertical force (hydrostatic weight) and on the acceleration with which the body touches the ground. As a result, it is concluded that water is a healthy environment for the population under study, and may be adequate for the practice of physical activities.