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Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2006;28(3):143-150
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032006000300002
PURPOSE: to analyze the effect of cigarette smoke on weight gain and food consumption of female pregnant rats, as well as of their offspring's weight and length at birth METHODS: Wistar rats were studied from the second day until the end of pregnancy. Fifty-one female rats were divided into three groups: Group F: 15 rats exposed to tobacco smoke (2 cigarettes/animal/day) plus air flush (10 L/min); Group Air: 18 rats exposed to air flush only (10 L/min); Group C: 18 non-exposed, non-manipulated controls. Body weight was measured every 5 days and food consumption every seven days (expressed as medium consumption per day). Offspring weight and length were measured on the first day of life. The Lavene test was used to verify the behavior of numeric variable distribution and for parametric one-way ANOVA analysis and Student's t test were used, according to the case. Results with p<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS: the rats of Group F consumed less food per day [Group F=18.9 g (±1.2) vs Group Air=21.7 g (±1,6) vs Group C=24.2g (±1,7); (p<0,05)], gained less weight during pregnancy than the animals of the air flush group and the control group: Group F=338.9 g (±13.7) vs Group Air=352.3g (±15,9) vs Group C=366.3 g (±13.1) (p<0.05). Pups birth weight and length were significantly smaller in the smoking group when compared to controls and to the air flush group, while these last two groups did not differ: Group F=5.5 g (±0.3) vs Group Air=5.9 g (±0,5) vs Group C=5.9 g (±0.4) - (p<0,01); Group F=6.8 cm (±0.2) vs Group Air=6.9 cm (±0,2) vs Group C=6.9 cm (±0.1) - (p<0.05), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: tobacco smoke exposure reduced the weight gain and food consumption during pregnancy and reduced the offspring weight and length evaluated at birth.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2006;28(3):143-150
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032006000300002
PURPOSE: to analyze the effect of cigarette smoke on weight gain and food consumption of female pregnant rats, as well as of their offspring's weight and length at birth METHODS: Wistar rats were studied from the second day until the end of pregnancy. Fifty-one female rats were divided into three groups: Group F: 15 rats exposed to tobacco smoke (2 cigarettes/animal/day) plus air flush (10 L/min); Group Air: 18 rats exposed to air flush only (10 L/min); Group C: 18 non-exposed, non-manipulated controls. Body weight was measured every 5 days and food consumption every seven days (expressed as medium consumption per day). Offspring weight and length were measured on the first day of life. The Lavene test was used to verify the behavior of numeric variable distribution and for parametric one-way ANOVA analysis and Student's t test were used, according to the case. Results with p<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS: the rats of Group F consumed less food per day [Group F=18.9 g (±1.2) vs Group Air=21.7 g (±1,6) vs Group C=24.2g (±1,7); (p<0,05)], gained less weight during pregnancy than the animals of the air flush group and the control group: Group F=338.9 g (±13.7) vs Group Air=352.3g (±15,9) vs Group C=366.3 g (±13.1) (p<0.05). Pups birth weight and length were significantly smaller in the smoking group when compared to controls and to the air flush group, while these last two groups did not differ: Group F=5.5 g (±0.3) vs Group Air=5.9 g (±0,5) vs Group C=5.9 g (±0.4) - (p<0,01); Group F=6.8 cm (±0.2) vs Group Air=6.9 cm (±0,2) vs Group C=6.9 cm (±0.1) - (p<0.05), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: tobacco smoke exposure reduced the weight gain and food consumption during pregnancy and reduced the offspring weight and length evaluated at birth.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2000;22(10):641-646
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000001000007
Purpose: to evaluate the influence of cigarette smoking on uteroplacental, fetoplacental and fetal blood flow by obstetric Doppler velocimetry of the uterine, umbilical and middle cerebral arteries. Method: a prospective study with 42 healthy pregnant women, 20 of whom were smokers and 24 nonsmokers. Ultrasound was performed initially to determine the gestation time. The pregnant women next underwent pulsed and color Doppler velocimetry of the uterine, umbilical and middle cerebral arteries at the 24th, 28th, 32nd, 36th, and 40th week. The smokers were instructed not to smoke for at least two hours before the test. Results: the mean resistance index (RI) of the right and left uterine arteries was greatest in the smoking group at the 36th week [mean (SD) = 0.501 (0.034)], (p = 0.002). The pulsatility index (PI) of the umbilical artery was greatest in the smoking group at the 28th week [mean (SD) = 1.135 (0.182)], (p = 0.008). No difference in the PI of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) was detected between the two groups. However, the MCA/umbilical PI ratio was lower in the smoking group at the 32nd [mean (SD) = 1.977 (0.291)], (p = 0.027), and 36th week [mean (SD) = 1.850 (0.465)], (p = 0.014). Conclusion: it was concluded that smoking increases resistance in the uteroplacental and fetoplacental circulation while simultaneously reducing resistance in the MCA, imitating a "brain-sparing" effect, most likely due to chronic hypoxia.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2000;22(10):641-646
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000001000007
Purpose: to evaluate the influence of cigarette smoking on uteroplacental, fetoplacental and fetal blood flow by obstetric Doppler velocimetry of the uterine, umbilical and middle cerebral arteries. Method: a prospective study with 42 healthy pregnant women, 20 of whom were smokers and 24 nonsmokers. Ultrasound was performed initially to determine the gestation time. The pregnant women next underwent pulsed and color Doppler velocimetry of the uterine, umbilical and middle cerebral arteries at the 24th, 28th, 32nd, 36th, and 40th week. The smokers were instructed not to smoke for at least two hours before the test. Results: the mean resistance index (RI) of the right and left uterine arteries was greatest in the smoking group at the 36th week [mean (SD) = 0.501 (0.034)], (p = 0.002). The pulsatility index (PI) of the umbilical artery was greatest in the smoking group at the 28th week [mean (SD) = 1.135 (0.182)], (p = 0.008). No difference in the PI of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) was detected between the two groups. However, the MCA/umbilical PI ratio was lower in the smoking group at the 32nd [mean (SD) = 1.977 (0.291)], (p = 0.027), and 36th week [mean (SD) = 1.850 (0.465)], (p = 0.014). Conclusion: it was concluded that smoking increases resistance in the uteroplacental and fetoplacental circulation while simultaneously reducing resistance in the MCA, imitating a "brain-sparing" effect, most likely due to chronic hypoxia.