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Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2015;37(4):178-185
DOI 10.1590/SO100-720320150005184
To conduct a comparative study between two groups of women (HIV positive and negative) analyzing: the prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical HPV infection; viral risk and relationship with development of CIN; and sociodemographic and behavioral parameters that influence cervical HPV infection and the development of CIN.
A cross-sectional study in which 202 HIV-positive women and 164 HIV-negative women were analyzed to assess the prevalence of CIN and 171 HIV-positive women and 160 HIV-negative women were analyzed to assess the prevalence of cervical HPV infection. The following procedures were performed on the occasion of each medical visit: collection of cervical samples for cytology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect HPV DNA; colposcopy; standardized questionnaire to collect demographic and behavioral data; and biopsy of all colposcopic changes. Histopathology was the gold standard for the diagnosis of CIN.
The prevalence of CIN was 2.4 and 15.3% (p<0.001) and the prevalence of cervical HPV infection was 37.1 and 55.5% (p=0.002), respectively, among HIV-negative and -positive women. HIV-positive women had a higher risk of HPV infection (35.7 and 23.6%) (p=0.02). HPV 16 was the most prevalent virus type, occurring in 11.3 and 10.2% of HIV-positive and negative women and was also more prevalent among women presenting CIN in both groups. Factors associated fwith the development of CIN were: HIV infection (HT=4.64; 95%CI 2.23-9.65), age (HT=0.95; 95%CI 0.93-0.98 for each year of life) and marital status(HT=0.49; 95%CI 0.30-0.80). Associated factors for HPV infection were: HIV presence (HT=2.72; 95%CI 1.77-4.17), greater number of sexual partners (HT=1.87; 95%CI 1.23-2.84), age (HT=0.97; 95%CI 0.95-0.99 for each year of life) and marital status (HT=0.65; 95%CI 0.42-1.0 for stable union/widows).
The prevalence of CIN and cervical HPV infection was higher in HIV-positive women, who also presented a higher risk of HPV infections and multiple viral types. Type 16 was predominant in both groups and in women with CIN. Older women and women with stable union/widows were less likely to acquire cervical HPV infection and CIN.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2015;37(4):178-185
DOI 10.1590/SO100-720320150005184
To conduct a comparative study between two groups of women (HIV positive and negative) analyzing: the prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical HPV infection; viral risk and relationship with development of CIN; and sociodemographic and behavioral parameters that influence cervical HPV infection and the development of CIN.
A cross-sectional study in which 202 HIV-positive women and 164 HIV-negative women were analyzed to assess the prevalence of CIN and 171 HIV-positive women and 160 HIV-negative women were analyzed to assess the prevalence of cervical HPV infection. The following procedures were performed on the occasion of each medical visit: collection of cervical samples for cytology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect HPV DNA; colposcopy; standardized questionnaire to collect demographic and behavioral data; and biopsy of all colposcopic changes. Histopathology was the gold standard for the diagnosis of CIN.
The prevalence of CIN was 2.4 and 15.3% (p<0.001) and the prevalence of cervical HPV infection was 37.1 and 55.5% (p=0.002), respectively, among HIV-negative and -positive women. HIV-positive women had a higher risk of HPV infection (35.7 and 23.6%) (p=0.02). HPV 16 was the most prevalent virus type, occurring in 11.3 and 10.2% of HIV-positive and negative women and was also more prevalent among women presenting CIN in both groups. Factors associated fwith the development of CIN were: HIV infection (HT=4.64; 95%CI 2.23-9.65), age (HT=0.95; 95%CI 0.93-0.98 for each year of life) and marital status(HT=0.49; 95%CI 0.30-0.80). Associated factors for HPV infection were: HIV presence (HT=2.72; 95%CI 1.77-4.17), greater number of sexual partners (HT=1.87; 95%CI 1.23-2.84), age (HT=0.97; 95%CI 0.95-0.99 for each year of life) and marital status (HT=0.65; 95%CI 0.42-1.0 for stable union/widows).
The prevalence of CIN and cervical HPV infection was higher in HIV-positive women, who also presented a higher risk of HPV infections and multiple viral types. Type 16 was predominant in both groups and in women with CIN. Older women and women with stable union/widows were less likely to acquire cervical HPV infection and CIN.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2016;38(5):231-238
To evaluate the incidence and factors associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women.
A cohort of 103 HIV positive and 113 HIV negative women were monitored between October 2008 and February 2012, for at least one year. Procedures included cervical cytology, DNA/HPV detection by polymerase chain reaction, colposcopy with biopsy if necessary, followed by an interview for exposure characteristics data. CIN was based on the histopathological results.
The incidence of CIN was of 8.8 and 4.6 cases/100 women-years in HIVpositive and HIV-negative women, respectively. HIV-positive women presented a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.8 for CIN and developed lesions earlier (0.86 year) than HIVnegative women (2 years) (p = 0.01). The risk of developing CIN decreased with age (HR = 0.9) and marital status (HR = 0.4). HPV patients presented a higher incidence of CIN when compared HIV-positive and HIV-negative women (p = 0.01). The incidence of HPV cervical infection was 18.1 and 11.4 cases/100 women-years in HIV-positive and HIV-negative women, respectively. Those HIV-positive presented earlier HPV infection (p = 0.002). The risk of developing HPV infection decreased with age and was higher among HIV-positive women. HPV 16 was the most common type in HIV-positive women, and also the type most closely associated with CIN in HIV-negative women.
HIV-positive women had a greater incidence of HPV and CIN, and in a shorter time interval. More rigorous and timely clinical control is required for this group.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2016;38(5):231-238
To evaluate the incidence and factors associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women.
A cohort of 103 HIV positive and 113 HIV negative women were monitored between October 2008 and February 2012, for at least one year. Procedures included cervical cytology, DNA/HPV detection by polymerase chain reaction, colposcopy with biopsy if necessary, followed by an interview for exposure characteristics data. CIN was based on the histopathological results.
The incidence of CIN was of 8.8 and 4.6 cases/100 women-years in HIVpositive and HIV-negative women, respectively. HIV-positive women presented a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.8 for CIN and developed lesions earlier (0.86 year) than HIVnegative women (2 years) (p = 0.01). The risk of developing CIN decreased with age (HR = 0.9) and marital status (HR = 0.4). HPV patients presented a higher incidence of CIN when compared HIV-positive and HIV-negative women (p = 0.01). The incidence of HPV cervical infection was 18.1 and 11.4 cases/100 women-years in HIV-positive and HIV-negative women, respectively. Those HIV-positive presented earlier HPV infection (p = 0.002). The risk of developing HPV infection decreased with age and was higher among HIV-positive women. HPV 16 was the most common type in HIV-positive women, and also the type most closely associated with CIN in HIV-negative women.
HIV-positive women had a greater incidence of HPV and CIN, and in a shorter time interval. More rigorous and timely clinical control is required for this group.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2002;24(8):541-545
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002000800007
Purpose: to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of sonohysterography as a diagnostic method for the evaluation of the uterine cavity in postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine cavity at conventional endovaginal sonography. Methods: this study consisted of the evaluation of 99 postmenopausal patients with abnormal uterine cavity on conventional endovaginal sonography, that was defined as endometrial thickness equal to or larger than 5 mm in a postmenopausal patient not on hormone replacement therapy, or endometrial thickness equal to or larger than 8 mm in patients on hormone replacement therapy, with irregular bleeding. These patients were subjected to sonohysterography, and specimens were obtained for pathologic examination by biopsy guided by histeroscopy in 92 patients, endometrial biopsy in four patientes and hysterectomy in three patients. The results of sonohysterography were compared with the pathologic findings, considered "gold standard". Results: there were eight cases of normal uterine cavity and 20 cases of atrophic endometrium and sonohysterography had high levels of specificity (97.8 and 97.5%) and low sensitivity (35 and 25%). There were high levels of sensitivity (92.3 and 75.0%) and specificity (94.1 and 97.9%) for polyps (65 cases) and submucous myomas (four cases). There were three cases of endometrial carcinoma and the sonohysterography had a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. Conclusions: sonohysterography showed to be accurate in the diagnostic of focal diseases (endometrial polyps and submucous myomas). There were three cases of endometrial cancer, and sonohysterography correctly diagnosed all of them. This method was also accurate to exclude endometrial abnormality. However, in the cases of diffusely thickened endometrium, the accuracy was low, because atrophic and normal endometrium on histopathology frequently appears as diffusely thickened endometrium at endovaginal sonography and sonohysterography. Sonohysterography did not lead to complications during and after the procedure.
Summary
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2002;24(8):541-545
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032002000800007
Purpose: to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of sonohysterography as a diagnostic method for the evaluation of the uterine cavity in postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine cavity at conventional endovaginal sonography. Methods: this study consisted of the evaluation of 99 postmenopausal patients with abnormal uterine cavity on conventional endovaginal sonography, that was defined as endometrial thickness equal to or larger than 5 mm in a postmenopausal patient not on hormone replacement therapy, or endometrial thickness equal to or larger than 8 mm in patients on hormone replacement therapy, with irregular bleeding. These patients were subjected to sonohysterography, and specimens were obtained for pathologic examination by biopsy guided by histeroscopy in 92 patients, endometrial biopsy in four patientes and hysterectomy in three patients. The results of sonohysterography were compared with the pathologic findings, considered "gold standard". Results: there were eight cases of normal uterine cavity and 20 cases of atrophic endometrium and sonohysterography had high levels of specificity (97.8 and 97.5%) and low sensitivity (35 and 25%). There were high levels of sensitivity (92.3 and 75.0%) and specificity (94.1 and 97.9%) for polyps (65 cases) and submucous myomas (four cases). There were three cases of endometrial carcinoma and the sonohysterography had a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. Conclusions: sonohysterography showed to be accurate in the diagnostic of focal diseases (endometrial polyps and submucous myomas). There were three cases of endometrial cancer, and sonohysterography correctly diagnosed all of them. This method was also accurate to exclude endometrial abnormality. However, in the cases of diffusely thickened endometrium, the accuracy was low, because atrophic and normal endometrium on histopathology frequently appears as diffusely thickened endometrium at endovaginal sonography and sonohysterography. Sonohysterography did not lead to complications during and after the procedure.