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Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2014;36(6):251-258
DOI 10.1590/S0100-720320140004976
To assess the effects of a soy dietary supplement on the main biomarkers of cardiovascular health in postmenopausal women compared with the effects of low-dose hormone therapy (HT) and placebo.
Double-blind, randomized and controlled intention-to-treat trial. Sixty healthy postmenopausal women, aged 40-60 years, 4.1 years mean time since menopause were recruited and randomly assigned to 3 groups: a soy dietary supplement group (isoflavone 90mg), a low-dose HT group (estradiol 1 mg plus noretisterone 0.5 mg) and a placebo group. Lipid profile, glucose level, body mass index, blood pressure and abdominal/hip ratio were evaluated in all the participants at baseline and after 16 weeks. Statistical analyses were performed using the χ2 test, Fisher's exact test, Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), paired Student's t-test and Wilcoxon test.
After a 16-week intervention period, total cholesterol decreased 11.3% and LDL-cholesterol decreased 18.6% in the HT group, but both did not change in the soy dietary supplement and placebo groups. Values for triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, glucose level, body mass index, blood pressure and abdominal/hip ratio did not change over time in any of the three groups.
The use of dietary soy supplement did not show any significant favorable effect on cardiovascular health biomarkers compared with HT. Clinical Trial Registry: The trial is registered at the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos - ReBEC), number RBR-76mm75.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2014;36(6):251-258
DOI 10.1590/S0100-720320140004976
To assess the effects of a soy dietary supplement on the main biomarkers of cardiovascular health in postmenopausal women compared with the effects of low-dose hormone therapy (HT) and placebo.
Double-blind, randomized and controlled intention-to-treat trial. Sixty healthy postmenopausal women, aged 40-60 years, 4.1 years mean time since menopause were recruited and randomly assigned to 3 groups: a soy dietary supplement group (isoflavone 90mg), a low-dose HT group (estradiol 1 mg plus noretisterone 0.5 mg) and a placebo group. Lipid profile, glucose level, body mass index, blood pressure and abdominal/hip ratio were evaluated in all the participants at baseline and after 16 weeks. Statistical analyses were performed using the χ2 test, Fisher's exact test, Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), paired Student's t-test and Wilcoxon test.
After a 16-week intervention period, total cholesterol decreased 11.3% and LDL-cholesterol decreased 18.6% in the HT group, but both did not change in the soy dietary supplement and placebo groups. Values for triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, glucose level, body mass index, blood pressure and abdominal/hip ratio did not change over time in any of the three groups.
The use of dietary soy supplement did not show any significant favorable effect on cardiovascular health biomarkers compared with HT. Clinical Trial Registry: The trial is registered at the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos - ReBEC), number RBR-76mm75.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2010;32(9):433-440
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032010000900004
PURPOSE: to evaluate the level of physical activity, quality of life and associated factors in women aged 60 or older. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was conducted on 271 women who go to a Leisure Center and women attended at a menopause ambulatory in Campinas (SP). The women were invited to take part in the research, carried out through interviews. The instruments used were the version 8 of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) modified for the elderly population in order to evaluate their physical activity, and the World Health Organization Questionnaire of Quality of Life specific for this group (WHOQOL-OLD) to evaluate their quality of life. IPAQ results were assessed using tertiles. The association between the WHOQOL-OLD and the IPAQ results and subject characteristics was assessed by the Student's t test, Mann-Whitney test and multiple analyses. RESULTS: the average age of women was 67.4±5.3 years. Among these women, 33% were classified as being less active. Analysis of each physical activity domain showed that 60.8% of the time was spent in sitting activities (1,701.6±986.1 minutes/week). Multiple analyses indicated that attending a leisure center in Campinas (SP) and being 70 years old or older increased the chances of engaging in moderate-intensity or vigorous-intensity physical activity by 11.4 and 2.8 times, respectively. The average quality of life score was 66.9±11.7. The highest value was observed in the domain related to sensory abilities (72.0±18.8) and the lowest value was related to autonomy (60.3±16.2). Linear regression showed that a good self-perception of health increased the quality of life score by 7.3 points, the use of a bigger amount of medication decreased it by 4.4 points and the performance of moderate or vigorous physical exercise increased the score by 4.8 points. CONCLUSION: women spend prolonged periods of time in sitting activities. The importance of engaging in moderate/vigorous-intensity physical activity is evident for obtaining a good quality of life.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2010;32(9):433-440
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032010000900004
PURPOSE: to evaluate the level of physical activity, quality of life and associated factors in women aged 60 or older. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was conducted on 271 women who go to a Leisure Center and women attended at a menopause ambulatory in Campinas (SP). The women were invited to take part in the research, carried out through interviews. The instruments used were the version 8 of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) modified for the elderly population in order to evaluate their physical activity, and the World Health Organization Questionnaire of Quality of Life specific for this group (WHOQOL-OLD) to evaluate their quality of life. IPAQ results were assessed using tertiles. The association between the WHOQOL-OLD and the IPAQ results and subject characteristics was assessed by the Student's t test, Mann-Whitney test and multiple analyses. RESULTS: the average age of women was 67.4±5.3 years. Among these women, 33% were classified as being less active. Analysis of each physical activity domain showed that 60.8% of the time was spent in sitting activities (1,701.6±986.1 minutes/week). Multiple analyses indicated that attending a leisure center in Campinas (SP) and being 70 years old or older increased the chances of engaging in moderate-intensity or vigorous-intensity physical activity by 11.4 and 2.8 times, respectively. The average quality of life score was 66.9±11.7. The highest value was observed in the domain related to sensory abilities (72.0±18.8) and the lowest value was related to autonomy (60.3±16.2). Linear regression showed that a good self-perception of health increased the quality of life score by 7.3 points, the use of a bigger amount of medication decreased it by 4.4 points and the performance of moderate or vigorous physical exercise increased the score by 4.8 points. CONCLUSION: women spend prolonged periods of time in sitting activities. The importance of engaging in moderate/vigorous-intensity physical activity is evident for obtaining a good quality of life.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(4):229-233
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000400007
Purpose: to evaluate the effects of hormone replacement therapy on the body mass index of postmenopausal women. Methods: for this purpose, 166 users and 136 non-users of hormone replacement were evaluated retrospectively during a period of three years. All women were assisted at the Menopause Outpatient Clinic of CAISM - UNICAMP, where the variations in this parameter were evaluated at the end of each year in relation to the initial parameters. The data analysis was performed through chi² test, Student's t test, and Mann-Whitney test. Results: we observed no significant variations in the body mass index, when comparing users and non-users during the three years of observation. Conclusion: hormone replacement therapy did not produce changes in this parameter in women properly assisted during its use.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(4):229-233
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000400007
Purpose: to evaluate the effects of hormone replacement therapy on the body mass index of postmenopausal women. Methods: for this purpose, 166 users and 136 non-users of hormone replacement were evaluated retrospectively during a period of three years. All women were assisted at the Menopause Outpatient Clinic of CAISM - UNICAMP, where the variations in this parameter were evaluated at the end of each year in relation to the initial parameters. The data analysis was performed through chi² test, Student's t test, and Mann-Whitney test. Results: we observed no significant variations in the body mass index, when comparing users and non-users during the three years of observation. Conclusion: hormone replacement therapy did not produce changes in this parameter in women properly assisted during its use.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2004;26(10):765-771
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004001000003
PURPOSE: to identify factors associated with the occurrence of hot flashes in climacteric women living in Campinas, São Paulo. METHODS: data bank secondary analysis of a cross-sectional descriptive population-based study. The selection of 456 women aged 45-60 years was done through area cluster sampling. Data were collected via home interviews using structured, pre-tested questionnaires provided by the International Health Foundation/International Menopause Society and by the North American Menopause Society and adapted by the authors. The analyzed variables were age, race, use of contraceptive methods and hormonal therapy, tubal ligation, body mass index, menopausal status, time since menopause, hysterectomy, and cigarette smoking. Statistical analysis was performed using the mean, median and the prevalence ratio (PR). Multiple logistic regression was performed using the stepwise selection process with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS: bivariate analysis showed that postmenopausal women (PR: 1.42, CI 95%: 1.06-1.90) and those who were submitted to hysterectomy (PR: 1.50, CI 95%: 1.05-2.14) had a significantly greater chance of presenting hot flashes. After applying multiple regression analysis, there was no significant association between hot flashes and any of the evaluated variables. CONCLUSION: results were consistent with previous studies. Many doubts still exist about which factors are associated with hot flashes.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2004;26(10):765-771
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032004001000003
PURPOSE: to identify factors associated with the occurrence of hot flashes in climacteric women living in Campinas, São Paulo. METHODS: data bank secondary analysis of a cross-sectional descriptive population-based study. The selection of 456 women aged 45-60 years was done through area cluster sampling. Data were collected via home interviews using structured, pre-tested questionnaires provided by the International Health Foundation/International Menopause Society and by the North American Menopause Society and adapted by the authors. The analyzed variables were age, race, use of contraceptive methods and hormonal therapy, tubal ligation, body mass index, menopausal status, time since menopause, hysterectomy, and cigarette smoking. Statistical analysis was performed using the mean, median and the prevalence ratio (PR). Multiple logistic regression was performed using the stepwise selection process with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS: bivariate analysis showed that postmenopausal women (PR: 1.42, CI 95%: 1.06-1.90) and those who were submitted to hysterectomy (PR: 1.50, CI 95%: 1.05-2.14) had a significantly greater chance of presenting hot flashes. After applying multiple regression analysis, there was no significant association between hot flashes and any of the evaluated variables. CONCLUSION: results were consistent with previous studies. Many doubts still exist about which factors are associated with hot flashes.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(5):287-292
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000500006
Purpose: to evaluate the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of postmenopausal women. Methods: a total of 166 users and 136 non-users of hormone replacement were evaluated retrospectively during a period of three years. All women were assisted at the Menopause Outpatient Clinic of CAISM -- Unicamp, where the variations of these parameters were evaluated at the end of each year in relation to the initial parameters. The data analysis was performed through Student's t test, Mann-Whitney test, and the Wilcoxon nonparametric test. Results: we observed that the systolic blood pressure of HRT users was statistically lower at the end of the third year of use, compared to the initial values (p = 0.01). There was no significant difference in the diastolic blood pressure between users and non-users. Conclusion: hormone replacement therapy did not produce changes in the parameters studied in women properly assisted during the use of HRT.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(5):287-292
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000500006
Purpose: to evaluate the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of postmenopausal women. Methods: a total of 166 users and 136 non-users of hormone replacement were evaluated retrospectively during a period of three years. All women were assisted at the Menopause Outpatient Clinic of CAISM -- Unicamp, where the variations of these parameters were evaluated at the end of each year in relation to the initial parameters. The data analysis was performed through Student's t test, Mann-Whitney test, and the Wilcoxon nonparametric test. Results: we observed that the systolic blood pressure of HRT users was statistically lower at the end of the third year of use, compared to the initial values (p = 0.01). There was no significant difference in the diastolic blood pressure between users and non-users. Conclusion: hormone replacement therapy did not produce changes in the parameters studied in women properly assisted during the use of HRT.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(8):475-479
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000800002
Purpose: to evaluate the bone mineral density of postmenopausal women with previous hysterectomy and with bilateral ovarian conservation compared to a group of nonhysterectomized naturally menopausal women. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study of bone densitometry (Lunar DPX) in 30 menopausal women hysterectomized when in the premenopause compared with 102 naturally postmenopausal women. Results: the mean age, body mass index, color of the skin, smoking habits, educational level, menarche, parity and previous tubal ligation were similar in the studied groups. Bone mineral density average and the T-score of the three femural sites analyzed by the Bonferroni test did not show significant differences. The bone mineral density average and the T-score of the lumbar spine were analyzed by the Student t test and did not show statistical differences. Conclusion: these findings suggest that premenopausal hysterectomy with bilateral ovarian conservation does not cause an additional reduction in bone mineral content when evaluated in the postmenopause.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2000;22(8):475-479
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032000000800002
Purpose: to evaluate the bone mineral density of postmenopausal women with previous hysterectomy and with bilateral ovarian conservation compared to a group of nonhysterectomized naturally menopausal women. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study of bone densitometry (Lunar DPX) in 30 menopausal women hysterectomized when in the premenopause compared with 102 naturally postmenopausal women. Results: the mean age, body mass index, color of the skin, smoking habits, educational level, menarche, parity and previous tubal ligation were similar in the studied groups. Bone mineral density average and the T-score of the three femural sites analyzed by the Bonferroni test did not show significant differences. The bone mineral density average and the T-score of the lumbar spine were analyzed by the Student t test and did not show statistical differences. Conclusion: these findings suggest that premenopausal hysterectomy with bilateral ovarian conservation does not cause an additional reduction in bone mineral content when evaluated in the postmenopause.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2001;23(7):439-443
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032001000700005
Purpose: to evaluate the percentage of 45- to 60-year-old women complaining of urinary incontinence, who look for medical treatment, and the factors possibly associated with the decision of visiting the doctor and the reasons for not doing so. Methods: a secondary analysis of a population-based survey on climacterium and menopause in women living in the city of Campinas, São Paulo state, was carried out through a descriptive, exploratory and cross-sectional population study. A total of 456 women between 45 and 60 years of age were selected through a sampling process. The age at menopause and its associated factors were evaluated, as well as the prevalence of climacteric symptoms, the use of medical care, self-perception of the health status, and the sociocultural, sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Urinary incontinence complaint and the search for medical help due to the presence of symptoms were explored. The data were collected through home interviews, using a structured and pretested questionnaire provided by the International Health Foundation/International Menopause Society and by the North American Menopause Society, and adapted by the authors. The statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test. Results: thirty-five percent of the interviewees reported constant or intermittent stress incontinence, although only 59% of the patients with the complaint sought medical help. Conclusion: the majority of the women presenting urinary incontinence do not complain to the doctor if they are not questioned objectively.
Summary
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2001;23(7):439-443
DOI 10.1590/S0100-72032001000700005
Purpose: to evaluate the percentage of 45- to 60-year-old women complaining of urinary incontinence, who look for medical treatment, and the factors possibly associated with the decision of visiting the doctor and the reasons for not doing so. Methods: a secondary analysis of a population-based survey on climacterium and menopause in women living in the city of Campinas, São Paulo state, was carried out through a descriptive, exploratory and cross-sectional population study. A total of 456 women between 45 and 60 years of age were selected through a sampling process. The age at menopause and its associated factors were evaluated, as well as the prevalence of climacteric symptoms, the use of medical care, self-perception of the health status, and the sociocultural, sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Urinary incontinence complaint and the search for medical help due to the presence of symptoms were explored. The data were collected through home interviews, using a structured and pretested questionnaire provided by the International Health Foundation/International Menopause Society and by the North American Menopause Society, and adapted by the authors. The statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test. Results: thirty-five percent of the interviewees reported constant or intermittent stress incontinence, although only 59% of the patients with the complaint sought medical help. Conclusion: the majority of the women presenting urinary incontinence do not complain to the doctor if they are not questioned objectively.
