After the publication of the results from the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) clinical trial in 2002 showing more risks than benefits to female health with estrogen (alone or combined with progestin) use to control menopausal signs and symptoms, there has been a progressive and sustained decline in the prescription of those drugs.–
In the United States, there was an increase in the prescription of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) from 16 million in 1966 to 90 million in 1999,– so that, by the end of the 1990s, 25% of 45–74-year-old women and more than 40% of those aged 50-69 years were on that therapy.–
Oliveira GMM, Almeida MCC, Arcelus CMA, Espíndola Neto L, Rivera MAM, Silva-Filho AL, Marques-Santos C, et al. Brazilian Guideline on Menopausal Cardiovascular Health – 2024. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia 2024;46:e-rbgo100.
Electronic Document Format (ABNT)
Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes de; Almeida, Maria Cristina Costa de; Arcelus, Carolina María Artucio; Espíndola Neto, Larissa; Rivera, Maria Alayde Mendonça; Silva-Filho, Agnaldo Lopes da; Marques-Santos, Celi; Fernandes, César Eduardo; Albuquerque, Carlos Japhet da Matta; Freire, Claudia Maria Vilas; Izar, Maria Cristina de Oliveira; Costa, Maria Elizabeth Navegantes Caetano; Castro, Marildes Luiza de; Lemke, Viviana de Mello Guzzo; Lucena, Alexandre Jorge Gomes de; Brandão, Andréa Araujo; Macedo, Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli; Polanczyk, Carisi Anne; Lantieri, Carla Janice Baister; Nahas, Eliana Petri; Alexandre, Elizabeth Regina Giunco; Campana, Erika Maria Gonçalves; Bragança, Érika Olivier Vilela; Colombo, Fernanda Marciano Consolim; Barbosa, Imara Correia de Queiroz; Rivera, Ivan Romero; Kulak, Jaime; Moura, Lidia Ana Zytynski; Pompei, Luciano de Mello; Baccaro, Luiz Francisco Cintra; Barbosa, Marcia Melo; Rodrigues, Marcio Alexandre Hipólito; Albernaz, Marco Aurelio; Decoud, Maria Sotera Paniagua de; Paiva, Maria Sanali Moura de Oliveira; Sanchez-Zambrano, Martha Beatriz; Campos, Milena dos Santos Barros; Acevedo, Monica; Ramirez, Monica Susana; Souza, Olga Ferreira de; Medeiros, Orlando Otávio de; Carvalho, Regina Coeli Marques de; Machado, Rogerio Bonassi; Silva, Sheyla Cristina Tonheiro Ferro da; Rodrigues, Thais de Carvalho Vieira; Avila, Walkiria Samuel; Costa-Paiva, Lucia Helena Simões da; Wender, Maria Celeste Osorio. Brazilian Guideline on Menopausal Cardiovascular Health – 2024. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, v. 46, e-rbgo100, Oct. 2024.
Electronic Document Format (APA)
Oliveira, G. M. M. , Almeida, M. C. C. , Arcelus, C. M. A., Espíndola Neto, L., Rivera, M. A. M., Silva-Filho, A. L. , Marques-Santos, C., Fernandes, C. E., Albuquerque, C. J. M., Freire, C. M. V., Izar, M. C. O., Costa, M. E. N. C., Castro, M. L. , Lemke, V. M. G., Lucena, A. J. G. , Brandão, A. A., Macedo, A. V. S., Polanczyk, C. A., Lantieri, C. J. B., Nahas, E. P., Alexandre, E. R. G., Campana, E. M. G., Bragança, O. V., Colombo, F. M. C., Barbosa, I. C. Q., Rivera, I. R., Kulak, J., Moura, L. A. Z., Pompei, L. M., Baccaro, L. F. C., Barbosa, M. M., Rodrigues, M. A. H., Albernaz, M. A., Decoud, M. S. P. , Paiva, M. S. M. O., Sanchez-Zambrano, M. B., Campos, M. S. B., Acevedo, M., Ramirez, M. S., Souza, O. F. , Medeiros, O. O. , Carvalho, R. C. M. , Machado, R. B., Silva, S. C. T. F. , Rodrigues, T. C. V., Avila, W. S., Costa-Paiva, L. H. S. , & Wender, M. C. O. (2024). Brazilian Guideline on Menopausal Cardiovascular Health – 2024. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, 46, e-rbgo100.
Electronic Document Format (ISO)
Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes de and Almeida, Maria Cristina Costa de and Arcelus, Carolina María Artucio and Espíndola Neto, Larissa and Rivera, Maria Alayde Mendonça and Silva-Filho, Agnaldo Lopes da and Marques-Santos, Celi and Fernandes, César Eduardo and Albuquerque, Carlos Japhet da Matta and Freire, Claudia Maria Vilas and Izar, Maria Cristina de Oliveira and Costa, Maria Elizabeth Navegantes Caetano and Castro, Marildes Luiza de and Lemke, Viviana de Mello Guzzo and Lucena, Alexandre Jorge Gomes de and Brandão, Andréa Araujo and Macedo, Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli and Polanczyk, Carisi Anne and Lantieri, Carla Janice Baister and Nahas, Eliana Petri and Alexandre, Elizabeth Regina Giunco and Campana, Erika Maria Gonçalves and Bragança, Érika Olivier Vilela and Colombo, Fernanda Marciano Consolim and Barbosa, Imara Correia de Queiroz and Rivera, Ivan Romero and Kulak, Jaime and Moura, Lidia Ana Zytynski and Pompei, Luciano de Mello and Baccaro, Luiz Francisco Cintra and Barbosa, Marcia Melo and Rodrigues, Marcio Alexandre Hipólito and Albernaz, Marco Aurelio and Decoud, Maria Sotera Paniagua de and Paiva, Maria Sanali Moura de Oliveira and Sanchez-Zambrano, Martha Beatriz and Campos, Milena dos Santos Barros and Acevedo, Monica and Ramirez, Monica Susana and Souza, Olga Ferreira de and Medeiros, Orlando Otávio de and Carvalho, Regina Coeli Marques de and Machado, Rogerio Bonassi and Silva, Sheyla Cristina Tonheiro Ferro da and Rodrigues, Thais de Carvalho Vieira and Avila, Walkiria Samuel and Costa-Paiva, Lucia Helena Simões da and Wender, Maria Celeste Osorio. Brazilian Guideline on Menopausal Cardiovascular Health – 2024. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia [online]. 2024, vol. 46, [cited 2024-12-22], e-rbgo100. Available from: <https://journalrbgo.org/article/brazilian-guideline-on-menopausal-cardiovascular-health-2024/>.
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Figure 10.2 | Nomenclature related to the women’s life cycle used in this guideline.
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